Slavery Before And After The Civil War

In this chapter it tells a story about slavery before and after the Civil War. It explains the United States provision of slavery and how some people were misled on who ended slavery, how it was Abraham Lincoln and not John brown who was hung later in 1859 for his crimes. It later goes into graphic detail of how slaves were kept into slavery by whipping and separating families. It sort of reminds of the movie 12 years a slave I would recommend it. It’s sad but true story of how black people were treated back then.John Brown was hung by the state of Virginia with the approval of the national government for his failed plan to take hold of the federal arsenal. The US Government would not accept an end to slavery by mutiny, but only under circumstances controlled by whites, and only when essential by radical and profitable needs of the North. It was Abraham Lincoln who was able to do just that by putting together the interests of the wealthy and interests of the blacks.What came n ext was that Lincoln was elected there was an extensive series of procedure clashes between the South and North. The rattle was not over the issue of slavery, but that the South saw Lincoln and the Republicans as a risk to their pleasant way of life. So when Lincoln was elected ultimately 11 states split from the Union. The Association was formed thus beginning the Civil War. In an effort to end the war, in September 1862, Lincoln announced his primary Emancipation Proclamation.This was a military move, giving the South 4 months to stop protesting or else their slaves would be freed, if they complied slavery would be unharmed in the states that came over to the North. The Proclamation also opened up the Union army to the blacks. On January 1, 1863, urging antislavery forces. Later in April 1864 Senate had approved the Thirteenth Amendment, declaring an end to slavery, and in January 1865, the House of Congresses followed. The Fourteenth Amendment declared that â€Å"all persons bor n or naturalize in the United States† were citizens.This restricted states’ rights regarding racial equality. The Fifteenth Amendment said: â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. † This opened the door for senate to pass laws making it a crime to deprive African Americans of their rights, like allowing blacks to enter into contracts and buy homes and what not. With these laws African Americans formed political organizations.They were nevertheless held back for several years by Andrew Johnson, who became president while serving as Vice President under Lincoln when Lincoln was killed at the end of the war. Johnson banned bills that helped Blacks and allowed states to return the Union without promising equal rights for blacks. Johnsons’ actions did not sit well with Senators and Congressmen. Later in 1868, Congr ess nearly succeeded in accusing Johnson but was one vote short in the Senate. Later that year, Republican contender Ulysses Grant would win the presidential election by 300,000 votes over Johnson.This again opened up doors for blacks, were being elected into southern state legislatures and the US Senate & Congress. Black women were also helping to rebuild the postwar south; black children were going to school. Even though it looked like Negroes were on their way to becoming equal there was still a lot of hostility and dependency on whites for work and supplies. The south used economic power to form the Ku Klux Klan (known as KKK) and other extremist groups. It wasn’t long until things were almost back to where it started.

Homework

Assigment 1: Foundations: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 1. 1 A 47. 3-mL sample of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has a mass of 37. 32 g. What is its density? 1. 2 If 116 g of ethanol is needed for a chemical reaction, what volume of liquid would you use? The density of ethanol is 0. 789 g/mL 1. 3 Battery acid is 40. 0% sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and 60. 0% water by mass. Its density is 1. 31. Calculate the mass of pure H2SO4 in 100. 0 mL of battery acid. 1. 4 How many moles of atoms does 136. 9 g of iron metal contain? 1. 5 A stack of 500 sheets of typing paper is 1. inches thick. Calculate the thickness, in inches and in miles, of a stack of typing paper that contains one mole (Avogadro’s number) of sheets (1 inch = 2. 54 cm) 1. 6 Compounds containing sulfur and oxygen are serious air pollutants; they represent the major cause of acid rain. Analysis of a sample of a pure compound reveals that it contains 50. 1% sul- fur and 49. 9% oxygen by mass. What is the simplest formula of the compound ? 1. 7 A 20. 882-gram sample of an ionic compound is found to contain 6. 072 grams of Na, 8. 474 grams of S, and 6. 336 grams of O. What is its simplest formula? 1. 8 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon. A 0. 1647-gram sample of a pure hydrocarbon was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0. 4931 gram of CO2 and 0. 2691 gram of H2O. Determine the masses of C and H in the sample and the percentages of these elements in this hydrocarbon. 1. 9 A 0. 1014-g sample of purified glucose was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0. 1486 g of CO and 0. 0609 g of H2O. An elemental analysis showed that glucose contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Determine the masses of C, H, and O in the sample and the percentages of these elements in glucose. 1. 10 Phosphorus, P4, burns with excess oxygen to form tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10. In this reaction, what mass of P4 reacts with 1. 50 moles of O2? 1. 11 What mass of CO2 could be formed by the reaction of 16. 0 g of CH4 with 48. 0 g of O2? Nguyen Tien Thao, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi College of Science, VNU 19 -Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: [email  protected] com 1. 12 What is the maximum mass of Ni(OH)2 that could be prepared by mixing two solutions that contain 25. g of NiCl2 and 10. 0 g of NaOH, respectively? NiCl2 + NaOH — > Ni(OH)2 + NaCl 1. 13 A 15. 6-gram sample of C6H6 is mixed with excess HNO3. We isolate 18. 0 grams of C6H5NO2. What is the percent yield of C6H5NO2 in this reaction? 1. 14 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a very important compound used to make fertilizers. It is also pres- ent in cola drinks. H3PO4 can be prepared in a two-step process. Rxn 1: P4 +O2 — > P4O10 Rxn 2: P4 O10 +H2O — > H3PO4 We allow 272 grams of phosphorus to react with excess oxygen, which forms tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10, in 89. % yield. In the second step reaction, a 96. 8% yield of H3PO4 is obtained. What mass of H3PO4 is obtained? 1. 15 2. 00 grams of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in distilled water and made up to 250 mL in a volumetric flask. A 25. 0 mL portion of this solution was boiled with 50. 0 mL of 0. 100 M sodium hydroxide solution until no more ammonia gas was evolved. Then excess sodium hydroxide in the resulting solution required for neutralization, 24. 30 mL of HCl 0. 100M. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample. 1. 16 Write the correct formulae/ions for: Potassium sulfite:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dinitrogen pentoxide:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Nitrorous acid: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Sodium hyperchlorite†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chloric acid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Hydride ion:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Coprous ions: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mercuric ion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 17 In acidic solution, dichromate ion will oxidize ferrous ion to ferric ion and form chromate (III) ion. What volume of 0. 100 M dichromate ion is required to oxidize 60. 0 mL of 0. 250 M of ferrous ion? Nguyen Tien Thao, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi College of Science, VNU 19 -Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: [email  protected] com Homework Lesson 1 asdf jkl ; asdf ; jkl ; asdf jkl ; asdf jkl ; asdf ; jkl ; asdf jkl ; asdf jkl ; asdf ; jkl ; asdf jkl ; asdf jkl ; asdf ; jkl ; asdf jkl ; fff jjj fff jjj fff jjj ff jj ff jj f j fff jjj fff jjj fff jjj ff jj ff jj f j ddd kkk ddd kkk ddd kkk dd kk dd kk d k ddd kkk ddd kkk ddd kkk dd kk dd kk d k sss lll sss lll sss lll ss ll ss ll s l sss lll sss lll sss lll ss ll ss ll s l aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aa ;; aa ;; a ; aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aaa ;;; aa ;; aa ;; a ; ff jj dd kk ss ll aa ;; f j d k s l a ; ff jj dd kk ss ll aa ;; f j d k s l a ; sad sad fad fad ask ask lad lad dad dad s; as; fall fall alas alas flask flask aaa ddd sad sad aaa sss lll lll all all aaa ddd sad sad aaa sss lll lll all all aaa sss ;;; as; as; ddd aaa ddd dad dad aaa sss ;;; as; as; ddd aaa ddd dad dad f fl fla flas flask ; l la las lass lass f fl fla flas flask; l la las lass lass f fa fal fall falls; a al ala alas alas f fa fal fall falls; a al ala alas alas Lesson 2 Ff jj dd kk ss ll aa ;; f j d k s l a ; Adds adds fads fads asks asks lads lads Jjj jhj jhj hjh jhj jjj jhj jhj hjh jhj Jhj ash ash jhj had has jhj had had jhj Jhj ash ash jhj has has jhj had had jhj Jhj a lass has ; adds a half ; a lad had ;Has a slash ; half a sash dad shall dash Ddd ded ded ede ded ddd ded ded ede ded Ded lef lef ded she she ded he ; ded he ; Ded he lef; she fell ; he slashes sales; He sees sheds ahead; she sealed a lease Ll lol lol olo lol lll lol lol olo lol Lol odd odd lol hoe hoe lol fo foe lol Load sod ; hold a foe ; old oak hoes ; lol She sold odd hooks ; he folded old hoses Ddd ded ede ded ddd ded ded ede ded Lll lol lol olo lol lll lol lol olo lol Jjj jhj jh jhjh jhj jjj jhj jhj jhj hjh jhj She has old jokes ; he has a half a salad ; Heed jade hoof elf; hash folk head hole Seed lake look jell sas hold dead halfHeed heed feed feed deed deed seed seed Jade jade fade fade fake fake lake lake Hoof hoof hood hood hook hook hook look look Elf ; elf ; self self sell sell jell jell Hash hash lash lash dash dash sash sash Folk folk fold fold sold sold hold hold Head head heal heal deal deal dead dead Hole hole hale hale hall hall half half Asdf jkl ; heo asdf jkl l heo asdf jkl ; Jade jade fake fake held held lose lose Jjj jmj jmj mjm jmj jjj jmj jmj mjm jmj Jmj mom mom jmj mad mad jmj ham ham jmj Jmj make a kam l fold a hem l less flame ; Messes make some moms mad ; half a dome ; Fff frf frf rfr frf fff frf frf rfr frfFrf far far frf for for frf err err frf frf more rooms ; for hrt mstkd ; from me He reads ahead l more are far ajar Kkk kik kik iki kik kkk kik kik kik iki kik Kik dim dim kik lid lid kik rim rim kik Kik If she did ; for his risk ; old mill ; More mirrors l his middle silo is filled Jjj jmj mjm jmj jjj jmj jmj mjm jmj Fff frf frf rfr frf fff frf frf rfr frf Kkk kik kik iki kik kkk kik kik iki kik He did l his firm red desk lef is a joke Joke ride sale same roam aims sire more Jars aide dark lame foal elms hire mare Joke joke jade jade jams jams jars jars Ride ride h ide hide hide side aide aide Sale sale dale dale dare dare dark darkSame same fame fame dame dame lame lame Roam roam loam foam foam foal foal aims aims arms arms alms alms elms elms Sire sire dire dire dire dire hire hire More more mire mire mere mare mare Lesson 3 Warm-up Asdf jkl ; heo ; asdf ; jkl ; heo ; asdf jkl ; Jade jade fake fake held held lose Jjj jmj jmj mjm jmj jjj jmj jmj mjm jmj Jmj mom mom jmj mad mad jmj ham ham jmj Jmj make a jame ; fold a hem ; less flame ; Messes make some moms mad ; halkf a dome ; Fff frf frf rfr fff frf frf rfr frf Frf farfar frf for for frfr err err frf Frf more rooms ; for her marks ; from me ; He reads ahead l more doors are far ajarKkk kik kik iki kik kkk kik kik iki kik Kik dim dim kik lid lid kik rim rim kik Kik if she did ; for his risk ; old mill ; More mirrors ; his middle silo is filled Jjj jmj mjm jmj jjj jmj jmj mjm jmj Ffffrf frf rfr frf fff frf frf rfr frf Kkk kik iki kik kkk kik kik iki kik He did ; his firm red desk lid is a jok e Joke ride sale same roam aims sire more Jars aide dark lame foal elms hire mare Joke joke jade jade jams jams jars jars ride ride hide side side aide aide Sale sale dale dale dare dare dark dark Same same fame fame dame dame lame lame Roam roam loam loam foam foam foal foal Aims aims arms arms alms alms alms elms elmsSire sire dire dire fire fire hire hire More more mire mire mere mere mare mare Lesson 4 F. More sire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars More sire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars More sire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars More sire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire els foal lame dark aide jars More sire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars More aire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire els foal lame dark aide jars More sire aims roam same sale ride jokeMare hire alms foam lame dark aide jars More sire aims fome foal Mo re sire aims roam same sale ride joke Mare hire elms foal lame dark aide jars More more mire mire mere mere mare mare Sire sire dire dire fire fire hire hre Aims aim s arms arms alms alms elms elms Roam roam loam loam foam foal foal Same same fame fame dame dame lame lame Sale sale dale dale dare dare dark dark Ride ride hilde hilde side side aide aide jade made mode mode mole mole Lesson 5 Fff ftf ftf tft ftf fff ftf ftf ftf tft ftf Ftf kit kit ftf toe toe ftf ate ate ftf Ftf it is the ; to them ; for the ; at it ; That hat is flat ; it ate a least threeJjj jnj jnj njn jnj jjj jjj jnj jnj njn jnj Jnj ten ten jnj not not jnj and and jnj Jnj nine tones ; none inside ; on and on ; Nine kind lines ; ten done in an instant Dd dcd dcdc cdc dcd ddd dcd dcd cdc dcd dcd Cdc ace ace can dcd arc arc dcd Dcd on a deck ; in each care ; cannot act ; Cat at once ; call to cancel the tickets Fff ftf ftf tft ftf fff ftf ftf tft ftf Jjj jnj jnj njn jnj jjj jnj jnj njn jnj Ddd dcd dcd cdc dcd ddd dcd dcd cdc dcd The cartoon of jam is here on this dock ; Said farm jets kick this none care ink ; Rain hand jots tick then tone came sink Sail sail said said raid raid rain rainFarm farm harm harm hard hand hand Jets jets lets lets lots lots jots jots Kick kick sick sick lick lick tick tick This this thin thin than than then then None none lone lone done done tone tone Care care cake cake cane cane ca,e came Ink; ink ; link link rink rink sink sink Lesson 6 Ff fvf fvf vfv fvf fff fvf vfv fvf vfv fvf Fvf vie vie fvf eve eve fvf via via fvf Fvf vie for love ; move over ; via a van ; Vote to move ; even vitamins have flavor The draft is too cold. Close this door. Ask Vera to start a fire. Find a match. Dr. T. Vincent sees me ; he made acast. Ash Rd. is ahead ; East Ave. veers leftFf fvf fvf vfv fvf fff fvf fvf vfv fvf ;;; t;; t;; ;;; c;; c;; ;;; s;; s;; ;;; Lll l. l l. l . l l. l lll l. l l. l . l. lll Dee voted for vivid vases on her visit Fold hide fast came hold ride mast fame Hone ri ce mask fade none vice task jade Fff fvf fvf vfv fvf fff fvf fvf vfv fvf ;;; t;; ;;; c;; c;; ;;; s;; s;; ;;; Lll l. l l. l . l. l. l lll l. l l. l . l. lll Dee voted for vivid vases on her visit . Fold hide fast came hold ride mast fame Hone rice mask fade none vice task jade Lesson 7 Fail not ; jest mist chin Rev. card sake Rick did not join ; Val loves that fame. Sss sws sws wsw sws sss sss sws sws wsw swsSss sws sws wsw sws sss sss sws sws wsw sws Sws was was sws own own sws saw saw sws Sws was was sws own own sws saw saw sws Sws white swans swim ; sow winter wheat ; Sws white swans swim ; sow winter wheat ; We watched some whales while we walked We watched some whales while we walked Kkk k,k k,k ,k k,k kkk k,k k,k ,k k,k Kkk k,k k,k ,k k,k kkk k,k k,k ,k k,k K,k it, it, k,k or , or , k,k an, an, k,k k,k it , it, k,k or , or k,k an , an k,k k,k if it id , two, or three , as soon as k,k if it id , two, or three , as soon as Vic , his friend , lives in Rich , Alaska Vic , his frien d , lives in Rich , AlaskaFff fgf fgf gfg fgf fff fgf fgf gfg fgf Fgf leg leg fgf egg egg fgf get get fgf Fgf give a dog , saw a log , sing a song , Gen gets a large sagging gift of games Ss sws sws wsw sws sss sws sws wsw sws Kkk k,k k,k ,k k,k kkk k,k k,k ,k, k,k Fff fgf fgf gfg fgf ggg fgf fgf gfg fgf Wanda watched the team jog to the glen Frank sold sold Dave old an washing mscone. Carl joked with al ice , fran , edith Wamda wore redsocks; sadie wore green Frank sold Dave an old washing machine . Arl jokes with Alice , Fran , and Edith . Arl jokes with Alice , Fran , and Edith . Wanda wore red socks ; Sadie wore green Wanda wore red socks ; Sadie wore greenLesson 8 Memo dock sink wave heed crag jolt jest Tommi Ra has two free carnival tickets Wade Dana Alda Sami Cata Devo Wane Glen Vera Edie Fran Seth Adam Cara Rene Dave Gene Vick Rick Coel Fran Dave Carl Sadi Anna Wade Gino Sali Vida Theo Dean Eric S-me w-rk s- we make the w-orld cleaner. W hav- th-m saf-; V-ra l-ft to s it . See , the –ive-s and st-eams a-e – -ising A damaging c-emical mig-t –arm t-e men. Their –o- -akes ja- and so-e sew ite-s. W-ll-am –s –ll and w-ll l-ve –n Alaska Deloris sold red , tn , nd orchid ties. Dana had dogs , cats , and a tan hamster. Todd ate mangoes , kiwis , and an orange.Alicia worked on math , French , and law. Edie Victor saw the Alo Reed dress too. Tom Salt and Arti Wiggs saw Sam and Di Rick saw Chirs at three Eastmoor games. Donna wrote to Anna , Ellen , and Rachel. Al had one good mark and told me later. We want to go westr to work in the rain. The snow fell one dark night last fall/ Watch the river flow over the dark dam Ring snow west tows ink , glow jot , hag . King scow well down elf , crew mow, sag Ring ring wing wing sing sing king kings snow snow show show stow stow scow scow Werst west went went welt welt welt welt well well West west went went welt welt well wellTows tows town town gown gown down down I nk ink ilk ilk elk elk elf elf Glow glow grow grow grew grew crew crew Jot jot hot hot how how mow mow Hag hag rag rah wah wah sag sag Lesson 9 Dim logo wags jive foal corn them wags Dim logo wags jive foal corn them wags Wanda mailed the jewels that Carl made Wanda mailed the jewels that Carl made Fff fbf fbf bfb fbf fff fbf fbf bfb fbf Fff fbf fbf bfb fbf fff fbf fbf bfb fbf Fbf rob rob fbf ebb ebb fbf bag bag fbf Fbf rob rob fbf ebb ebb fbf bag bag fbf Fbf a net bin , a black bend a big bag Fbf a net bin , a black bend a big bag That boat had been in a babbling brookThat boat had been in a babbling brook Jjj juj juj uju juj jjj juj juj uju juj Juj jug jug juj urn urn juj flu flu juj Juj jug jug juj urn urn juj flu flu juj Juj jungle bugs , just a job , jumbo jets Students show unusual business success . Aaa kaa kaa aaa kaa kaa aa kaa kaa aaa Aaa kim kim aaa lee lee aaa joe joe aaa Aaa jan left ; nora ran ; uncle lee fell ; Mari and ula went to Kansas in October Lesson 10 Aaa aqa aqa qaq aqa aaa aqa aqa qaq aqa Aaa aqa aqa qaq aqa aaa aqa aqa qaq aqa Aqa quo quo aqa aqa qui qui aqa que aqa Aqa quo quo aqa aqa qui qui aqa que aqa Aqa quail , quit quid , half quest , Aqa quail , quit quid , half quest ,The quints sqauabbled on a square quilt. The quints sqauabbled on a square quilt. Aaa aqa aqa aqa qaq aqa aaa aqa aqa qaq aqa ;;; ;/; ;/; /;/ ;/; /// /;/ /;/ ;/; /;/ ;;; ;/; ;/; /;/ ;/; /// /;/ /;/ ;/; /;/ The quick squash squad requested quiet The quick squash squad requested quiet He/she said that we could do either/or. He/she said that we could do either/or. Louise will lead if she makes the team Their bands will march at the quadrant Brad just had time to finish his goals I was quiet as he glided over the wave Find/seek boat fate jail cube brad swat Walk shit mile vane aqua slot quit Find/lose cats/dogs hike/bike walk/rideSeek/hide soft/hard mice/rats shut/ajar Boat goat moat mode rode rude euin quid Fate face race rice nice nile vile mile Jail fail fall gal l mall male vale vane Cube cuba tuba tube lube luau quad qua Brat brat brag quag flag flat flat slat slot Swat swam swim slim slid slid slit suit quit Lesson 11 Quil wagon cabin valued helms , and/or; Quil wagon cabin valued helms , and/or; Jake is quite good in math but not Val Jake is quite good in math but not Val . ;;; ;’; ;’; ‘;’ ;’; ;;; ;’; ;’; ‘;’ ;’; ;;; ;’; ;’; ‘;’ ;’; ;;; ;’; ;’; ‘;’ ;’; ;’; he’s he’s ;’; where’s ;’; it’s it’s ’; he’s he’s ;’; where’s ;’; it’s it’s ’; ‘;’ kit’s barn ;’; where’s ‘;’ its’s it’s ;’; ‘;’ kit’s barn ;’; where’s ‘;’ its’s it’s ;’; ‘;’ kit’s b arn ;’; ed’s car ;’; ‘;’ ;’; ‘;’ kit’s barn ;’; ed’s car ;’; ‘;’ Bill’s car isn’t running ; it’s at Li’s. Bill’s car isn’t running ; it’s at Li’s ;;; ;’; ;’; ;’; ‘;’ ;;; ;’; ;’; ‘;’;’ ;’; â€Å"win† â€Å"win† ;†; ;†; ;;; ;†; ;†; â€Å";† ;†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He said â€Å"no thanks , â€Å" but it was â€Å"lame. â€Å" Rita â€Å"forgot , â€Å" but Tim added â€Å"flavors. â€Å" Robbs’s clothes and image don’t â€Å"match. † Mr. Quill said , â€Å"Wait . â€Å" ; she ran back. I haven’t enough time to â€Å"quibble† now. Go to the cabin and get us the dog now. Now is the time to call all men for me.Shee made a face when she lost the race. Ask them if the vase is safe with them. We can’t â€Å"remember† how Bo got bruised. Burt’s dad â€Å"asked† Kurt to assist Ross. Made fade face race lace lice nice mice Made fade face race lace lice nice mice Burt Nora Will Mame Ross Kurt Olaf Elle Burt Nora Will Mame Ross Kurt Olaf Elle He’s I’ve don’t can’t won’t we’ve she’s He’s I’ve don’t can’t won’t we’ve she’s Bo’s dogs Lu’s cows Mo’s cats Di’s rats Bo’s dogs Lu’s cows Mo’s cats Di’s rats â€Å"mat† â€Å"bat† â€Å"west† â€Å"east† â€Å"gone† â€Å"tone† â€Å"mat† â€Å"bat† â€Å"west† â€Å"east† â€Å"gone† â€Å"tone† He â€Å"quit† ; she â€Å"tried. † I hot a â€Å"wall. â€Å" He â€Å"quit† ; she â€Å"tried. I hot a â€Å"wall. â€Å" Sand/land vane/cane robe /love quit/suit Sand/land vane/cane robe /love quit/suit Asks bask base vase case cast mast last Asks bask base vase case cast mast last Lesson 12 Seth Kebo Otis Fran Iris Edie Jose Dave Hans Cara Nita Rene Uris Vera Mark Adam Theo Jean Saul Hugh Eric Noel Vida Ivan Gino Leah Burt Olla Anna Kris Wade Mike Seth Kebo Otis Fran Iris Edie Jose Dave Hans Cara Nita Rene Uris Vera Mark Adam Theo Jean Saul Hugh Eric Noel Vida Ivan Gino Leah Burt Olla Anna Kris Wade Mike Ou- -ivers and oceans a-e being –uined. W- must w-rk t- mak- -ur w-rld cl-an-r -armful c-emicals fill muc- of t-e air.W- hav- lo-t u-ag- of –om- of our -oil Ou- -ivers and oceans a-e being –uined. W- must w-rk t- mak- -ur w-rld cl-an-r -armful c-emicals fill muc- of t-e air. W- hav- lo-t u-ag- of –om- of our -oil The cook went to work with cork boards. Four foul jugs were left at the stream. Toil in the weeds to get the seeds now. Tell a joke , then gather other jesters. Ulan told Brian she would be glad to go . In boston one can see vast fish markets. Burce had this I/0 switch changed again. Treena saw quite a flock of â€Å"odd† birds. Walter took a ride to the quiet street. Quakes threw her around the trick door. Rook took cook cork work word ford foldFull fill file fire fore four foul fowl Jolt joke jets jerk jest just jugs jute Wire were went west jest quit quid quad Weed reed seed seat seal soil toil foil Dour sour sort tort tore wore sore lore Told hold sold sole hole role real teal tire fire sire site suit quit whit with Pg. 32 G. Practice Bran brad bred brew brow crow crew craw Gist list mist must gust dust rust just Vast vest jest lest best west nest rest Blot blob blow blew bled bred brad bran Sun , nun , run , bun , gun , gum , hum , sum , Bout boat boot blot bold doll dole Just dust dusk dunk bunk bulk hulk hunk Beef been bean bead beak beam beat bearLesson 13 Fade cave what swim quad blot king jars Fade cave what swim quad blot king jars Black liquids v anish from the jug I saw. Black liquids vanish from the jug I saw. ;;; ;p; ;p; p;p ;p; ;;; ;p; ;p; p;p ;p; ;;; ;p; ;p; p;p ;p; ;;; ;p; ;p; p;p ;p; ;p; nap nap ;p; pen pen ;p; ape ape ;p; ;p; nap nap ;p; pen pen ;p; ape ape ;p; ;p; perfect plot , a pale page , pen pal , ;p; perfect plot , a pale page , pen pal Pam pulled a pouting pup past a puddle. Pam pulled a pouting pup past a puddle. Sss sxs sxs xsx sxs sss sxs sxs xsx sxs Sxs tax tax sxs mix mix sxs axe axe sxs Sxs lax takes , vexed vixen , six Texans ,Fix the next six boxes on the next weekend ;;; ;p; ;p; p;p ;p; ;;; ;p; ;p; p;p ;p; Sss sxs sxs xxsx sxs sss sxs sxs xsx sxs Phil will fix ripped carpets alone now. Go see that duplex before next weekend. Pull on the tabs. The box will open. Speed is good. Errors are not good. Glue the picture. The book is done. Get the clothes. Bring me their caps. Slag chop gate plop tops bows veal dart Apex slab gave quit fix , hoax text jell Slag flag flap flax flux flew Alex apex Chop clop cl ap clan claw slaw slap slab Gate gale pale page pave have cave gave Plop flop flip slip ship ship whip quip quit Tops tipssips sits sit , six , mix , fix ,Blow bows bowl jowl howl cowl coal coax hoax Veal rel seal meal meat neat next text Dart part park bark balk bal bell jell Lesson 14 Jjj jyj jyj yjy jyj jjj jyj jyj yjy jyj Jyj yes yes jyj joy joy jyj aye aye jyj Jyj yard of yarn of yarn , July joy , yellow yam , Shelley yearns to yodel but only yells If you are happy , will be able To set goals. You will also smile more. The jury was back and no one could Leave the room. We all had to stay put. Jjj jyj jyj yjy jyj jjj jyj jyj yjy jyj I saw yards of yellow fabric every day They happily played in the lonely yard. Yes , the daily reports are ready today.Push your fingers to find the keys now. Keyboarding speed will rapidly improve Your goal is to key faster than before. Try every day to achieve that new goal/ A jury will meet next January to get a verdict. People stole costly fuel F rom the boys. We found bags of cards next to the mops int the broom closet. Fuel duel duet suet suit quit quip quid Gape nape cape cave wave wage wags bags Mops pops maps hops tops toys joys boys . We found Bags of cards next to the mops in the broom closet. Fuel duel diet suet suit quit quip quid Gape nape cape cave wave wage wags bags Mops pops maps hops yops toys toys joys boysRope lope lops laps lips lids kids kiss Card cart curt hurt hurl furl fury jury Cost most lost lest best test text next Slab flab flap flaw flay slay clay play Pan , fan , tan , man , can , ran , Dan , Jan . Lesson 15 Bakechin jogs wave quip dome onyx left His soft big lynx quickly jumped waves. Aaa aza aza zaz aza aaa aza aza zaz aza Aza zip zip aza zoo zoo aza zap zap aza Aza dozing zebu , he zags , dazed zebras , Zachary ate frozen pizza in the gazebo. ;;; ;:; :;: ;:; ;:: ;;; ;:; ;:; ;:; ;:; Dr. Webb : Mr. Que : Mrs. Downs : Ms. La : Mr. Dode : Mrs. Chin : Ms. Finn : Dr. Mai : To: From : Subjext : Attent ion: To:To: From : Subject : Attention : To: Aaa aza aza zaz aza aaa aza aza zaz aza ;;; ;:; ;:; :;: ;;; ;:; ;:; :;: ;:; Zach and zany Hzel visited local zoos. They saw : lazy zebras , apes , and lions. Key fast to reach the end of that line. Keep your eyes on your copy as you key . Tests are easy if you know the answers. If they go to the zoo , invite them too. As Inez roamed the ship , she told Fond tales. Sje slipped on that waxy rung and fell to the deck. S She hurt her face and was dazed , but felt no pain Lesson 16 Nest vote farm hail quid gaze coal waxy bake jeep Nest vote farm hail quid gaze coal waxy bake jeepGail must hold two jobs ; she has had a hard life . Gail must hold two jobs ; she has had a hard life . Kim , Ted has kept liquid oxygen frozen with care. Kim , Ted has kept liquid oxygen frozen with care. Pest west test rest quest roast yeast toast totes Pest west test rest quest roast yeast toast totes Yarn yard ward word worry hurry query quirt quilt Yarn yard ward word worry hurry query quirt quilt Try to get an aqua shirt to wear for the picture. Try to get an aqua shirt to wear for the picture. We took your tire to the shop , but it was ruined We took your tire to the shop , but it was ruinedRobb passed the test ; he studied about two hours. These courses are open : marketing , band , and art . Rachel wishes to key. Her cat is on the computer. Dr. E. O. Anton was given the award in the U. S. A. Gretchen received he B. S and M. B. A. in the a. m. Ask Brenda about the summer sale. It’s in Tucson. Will could buy socks there. The price in minimal. Today , stationery is half off. Help me buy paper. Even the books are reduced. We want to read more. My cousin , Vera , has been exercising for at Least seven weeks. I did my best to keep up with’ Her for at least one hour today , but it was much too difficult.She is ery strong and very quick. As base vases lasts haste taste fasts waste paste Po pole polar poems point poker polka spore s pots Tr trade trips trace strut treat trend stray tray Re read real ream reel reeds breeds freed decreed Br bran brush brute broth bring break bread brain Mu must munch murky mushy musty music mumps mulch Ze amaze gauze dozen prize blaze craze glaze size Cr crate crater create crack crab crib crow croak It is good that you have learned all of the alphabet keys. With just some extra practice , you will zip through work quickly. Lesson 17 Herbs jinx gawk miff vest zinc ploy quad best zooHerbs jinx gawk miff vest zinc ploy quad best zoo Dozy oryx have quit jumping over the huge flocks. Dozy oryx have quit jumping over the huge flocks. Lax folks quickly judged the lazy dogs unfit now. Lax folks quickly judged the lazy dogs unfit now ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/ ;? ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/ ;? ;/; ;? ; now? ;? ; hwo? How? ;? ; who? Who? ;? ; ;/; ;? ; now? ;? ; hwo? How? ;? ; who? Who? ;? ; Who? What? Why? Where? When? When? Next? How many? N ow? Who? What? Why? Where? When? When? Next? How many? Now? How can Joe get there? Which way are the outlets?How can Joe get there? Which way are the outlets? A COMPUTER rapidly scanned most AIRMAIL packages. Another START/STOP safety lever was stuck lately. Was JOSE elected CLASS PRESIDENT today or sooner? You should not answer my door WHEN YOU ARE ALONE. ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/ ;? ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/; ;/? ;? ; ;? ; ;;; ;/ ;? Did you see HELEN? Did you learn about her crash? Did you see HELEN? Did you learn about her crash? Her car was hit from hit from BEHIND. She broke BOTH arms. Her car was hit from hit from BEHIND. She broke BOTH arms. HOW will she manage while both arms are in casts?HOW will she manage while both arms are in casts? Tony was a better friend than Hope was to Salena. Lu and I were at Camp Piney Forest in early fall. I rode the Rocky Ford train to San Juan in March. Maya , Sue , and Grace were the. It was exciting. The blind sla ts are broken. Can you fix the broken ones? My WILY dog jumped out of the window Which is how this happened. There should be some way to stop him. For a young dog , he is AMAZING Slat slit skit suit quit quip qiz whiz fizz Slat slit skit suit quit quip qiz whiz fizz LASS bass base bake CAKE cage PAGE sage SAGA sags LASS bass base bake CAKE cage PAGE sage SAGA sagsMaze mare more mover wove cove core cure pure pore Maze mare more mover wove cove core cure pure pore Mix; fix; fin; kin; kind wind wild wily will well Mix; fix; fin; kin; kind wind wild wily will well Cape cane vane sane same sale pale pals pats bats Cape cane vane sane same sale pale pals pats bats Jump pump bump lump limp limb lamb jamb jams hams Jump pump bump lump limp limb lamb jamb jams hams Slow BLOW blot SLOT plot PLOP flop FLIP blip BLOB Slow BLOW blot SLOT plot PLOP flop FLIP blip BLOB Mite more wire tire hire hide hive jove give five . Mite more wire tire hire hide hive jove give five . Lesson 18Rave jinx tact safe mind glib quit yelp hawk doze Rave jinx tact safe mind glib quit yelp hawk doze We all must be good friends to have good friends. We all must be good friends to have good friends. We have quickly gained sixty prizes for best jam. We have quickly gained sixty prizes for best jam ;;; ;p; ;p-; ;-; -;- ;;; ;p; ;p-; ;-; -;- ;;; ;-; ;;; ;p; ;p-; ;-; -;- ;;; ;p; ;p-; ;-; -;- ;;; ;-; ;p- ;-; self-made ;-; one-third ;p one-sixth ;-; ;p- ;-; self-made ;-; one-third ;p one-sixth ;-; ;p- ;-; part-time ;-; one-tenth ;p- two-party ;-; ;p- ;-; part-time ;-; one-tenth ;p- two-party ;-; Self-made Jim stopped at an out-of-the-way placeSelf-made Jim stopped at an out-of-the-way place ;p; ;p- ;-; ;-_; ;p-_ _;_ ;p-_ ;-:; ;_; ;p- ;;; ;p; ;p_; ;_; _;_ ;;; ;p; ;p_; ;p_; ;_; _;_ ;;; ;_; Are you an easy-going person who gets along well? The new name he now uses for e-mail is jute_rope. Steward and Phon drove a car down to the shelter. Ten people helped serve meals to thirty children. They said it was ha rd work. Jung felt happy then. This might help solve these problems in our city. Look up in the western sky and see how it is Filled with magnificent pinks and reds as the sun Begins to set. As the sun sinks below the clouds , You will see an amazing display of great colors.Was raged wheat serve force carts bears cages age Tag exact vases rests crank enter greet moves ear Was raged wheat serve force carts bears cages age Tag exact vases rests crank enter greet moves ear Get table stage hired diets gears wages warts rat Hop mouth union input polka alone moors tunic joy Him looms pumps nouns joked pound allow pours hip Lip mopes loose equip moods unite fills alike mop We saw where gray lava flowed down a path. At the exit , Justin saw trees with no bark and a Quiet , fuzzy duck looking at me Lesson 19 Fuzz busy flat apex gash avow junk quad czar mind Fuzz busy flat apex gash avow junk quad czar mindWe should try to make a call before the day ends. We should try to make a call before t he day ends Rob moved a psychology quiz to next week for Jay Rob moved a psychology quiz to next week for Jay Up by rod hun cue dry mow zip elk jaw van era ark Do we fad wet tab boy hid lug mug zap box kid fog in my car zoo tag pop vat jar lid yam fi war qua So to add fun joy fun sew lad man did nip was hop Quinton Robert Farris Cheryl Eunice Xavier George Juliet Noelle Ulysses Ingmar Hunter Yasmin Melvin Quinon Robert Farris Cheryl Eunice Xavier George Jukiet Noelle Ulysses Ingmar Hunter Tamara Zachary Quenna Aurora Bryant Dawson SalomeTamara Zachary Quenna Aurora Bryant Dawson Salome Mignon Jefferey Yvette Olinda Harold Joanna Lionel Mignon Jeffrey Yvette Olinda Harold Joanna Lionel We read the daily newspaper to learn what is going on in other countries. Do yo also read it? Do you read or watch the newa? If you don’t , you should. How will you learn what is happening? E-ch d-y thos- fing-rs w-ll m-ove a l-ttl- f-st-r. Y-u m-st le-rn to th-nk wh-re all thos- k-ys ar-. D- y- u ke-p yp-r ey-s on th- c-py y-u ar- key-ng? On- d-y so-n yo-r f-ng-rs w-ll fly ov-r th- k-ys Accounting is a good course. I am taking it soon. Dr. Tim Bellio , Ph. D , is in the U. S. or the U.K. Please turn on the TV; my favorite program is on. Mr. C L. Brickman and his son , T. J , are home. We must talk to two people: Anthony and Consuela Jay and Ed were on time. Iva liked doing ai Chi. Both Y. O. Fox and T. C Ole had a Ph. D in math. Alberto , set the clock. It is good to be on time. Mr. Vasquez and Mr. Mayer were not in the office. Have you tried to get a project completed by A deadline only to realize that you simply will Not be able to finish it? What you do next will Depend on the prokect and how soon you need it. Se seats seal pulse lease seams eases sedan mouse Gr great gray grows grain grade grass groan graveLo love glove ploys clock locks flock block lobes Dr draft drift drive dress drama drums drab drape Av lava paved abert favor shave avoid brave raven Nk drink pink l inks crank plank sinks honks blank Sc scar scare scant scrap scent scoot scold scone Ba barks bare barns barb baby back bang bald bath Lesson 20 Itch plum jilt waxy fi next clod quad brag skit It is good to meet new people as soon as you can. Cover the cozy liquid wax before Jack mops again. Baffle quartz toxic veins major whack gaudy equip Banjo wizard rhyme heaven steep affix laugh quack Matrix shady squat venom jacket spill zebra fudgeBe quick to move them/down; jinx lazy fingers. Querida Arthur Donata Regina Gwynne Warden Samuel Leilani Ursula Javier Margot Phoebe Irving Oliver Timothy Carlos Elliot Felice Zenina Vernon Winona Nokomis Isabel Hayley Pascal Justin Latham Kemeko Di you meet your goals? I did not. They all did. My car is stuck. I need it towed . Will you do it ? Let’s see a movie. What’s playing? I do not know. Look at that. It is quite amazing. I am thrilled. K—p a;; f-ngers curv-d –nd y—r we-sts a b-t. Ke-p y-ur elb-ws r-lax-d a nd cl-se to y-ur s-des. K-ep y-ur h-ad up –nd t-rned tow-rd th- textb—k K-ep b-th fe-t on th- flo-r , on- aft-r th- oth-r.Toms’s flowers – especially the tilips—are lovely. Have you seen her gloves? Are they in the drawer? If Leilani can go tomorrow , we will go then also. Estes Park has roads as well as hike/bike trails/ That fly-by-night business was selling old disks. Oliver let Margo answer the TCP/IP Internet quiz. Connecting with the World Wide Web was Difficult. Janice Learned about URL’s , FTP , and TCP/IP sites. Sam , Jo , and Di were fluent in German and French . There are fewer gold cources in Clark County THANK Milton County. One reason is the need for rich soil to grow grass. Clark County has mostly clay soil , which does not absorb water well.Asa adie sadly flask sqaild saved trash masks sas Fgf fight goofs golfs fugue gaffe foggy frogs gfg Wew weans sweet swell sweat sweat fewer weeks ewe Rtr art part port sort sort fort worth trade title rtr Klk kilns kilts kelts kelts keels fock block locks lkl Nmn means lemon minor numbs names money hyms mnm Oio boils soils joins coins lions tolis 1. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 2. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 3. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 4. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 5. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 6. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 7. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 8.Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 9. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 10. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 11. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 12. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 13. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 14. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 15. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 16. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 17. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 18. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 19. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 20. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 21. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 22. Wa fting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 23. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 4. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 25. Wafting zephyrs quickly vexed jumbo 1. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 2. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 3. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 4. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 5. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 6. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 7. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 8. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 9. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 10. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 11. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 12.The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 13. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 14. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 15. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 16. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 17. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 18. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 19. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 20. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 21. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 22. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 23. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog 24. The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog Homework Assigment 1: Foundations: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 1. 1 A 47. 3-mL sample of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has a mass of 37. 32 g. What is its density? 1. 2 If 116 g of ethanol is needed for a chemical reaction, what volume of liquid would you use? The density of ethanol is 0. 789 g/mL 1. 3 Battery acid is 40. 0% sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and 60. 0% water by mass. Its density is 1. 31. Calculate the mass of pure H2SO4 in 100. 0 mL of battery acid. 1. 4 How many moles of atoms does 136. 9 g of iron metal contain? 1. 5 A stack of 500 sheets of typing paper is 1. inches thick. Calculate the thickness, in inches and in miles, of a stack of typing paper that contains one mole (Avogadro’s number) of sheets (1 inch = 2. 54 cm) 1. 6 Compounds containing sulfur and oxygen are serious air pollutants; they represent the major cause of acid rain. Analysis of a sample of a pure compound reveals that it contains 50. 1% sul- fur and 49. 9% oxygen by mass. What is the simplest formula of the compound ? 1. 7 A 20. 882-gram sample of an ionic compound is found to contain 6. 072 grams of Na, 8. 474 grams of S, and 6. 336 grams of O. What is its simplest formula? 1. 8 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon. A 0. 1647-gram sample of a pure hydrocarbon was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0. 4931 gram of CO2 and 0. 2691 gram of H2O. Determine the masses of C and H in the sample and the percentages of these elements in this hydrocarbon. 1. 9 A 0. 1014-g sample of purified glucose was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0. 1486 g of CO and 0. 0609 g of H2O. An elemental analysis showed that glucose contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Determine the masses of C, H, and O in the sample and the percentages of these elements in glucose. 1. 10 Phosphorus, P4, burns with excess oxygen to form tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10. In this reaction, what mass of P4 reacts with 1. 50 moles of O2? 1. 11 What mass of CO2 could be formed by the reaction of 16. 0 g of CH4 with 48. 0 g of O2? Nguyen Tien Thao, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi College of Science, VNU 19 -Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: [email  protected] com 1. 12 What is the maximum mass of Ni(OH)2 that could be prepared by mixing two solutions that contain 25. g of NiCl2 and 10. 0 g of NaOH, respectively? NiCl2 + NaOH — > Ni(OH)2 + NaCl 1. 13 A 15. 6-gram sample of C6H6 is mixed with excess HNO3. We isolate 18. 0 grams of C6H5NO2. What is the percent yield of C6H5NO2 in this reaction? 1. 14 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a very important compound used to make fertilizers. It is also pres- ent in cola drinks. H3PO4 can be prepared in a two-step process. Rxn 1: P4 +O2 — > P4O10 Rxn 2: P4 O10 +H2O — > H3PO4 We allow 272 grams of phosphorus to react with excess oxygen, which forms tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10, in 89. % yield. In the second step reaction, a 96. 8% yield of H3PO4 is obtained. What mass of H3PO4 is obtained? 1. 15 2. 00 grams of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in distilled water and made up to 250 mL in a volumetric flask. A 25. 0 mL portion of this solution was boiled with 50. 0 mL of 0. 100 M sodium hydroxide solution until no more ammonia gas was evolved. Then excess sodium hydroxide in the resulting solution required for neutralization, 24. 30 mL of HCl 0. 100M. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample. 1. 16 Write the correct formulae/ions for: Potassium sulfite:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dinitrogen pentoxide:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Nitrorous acid: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Sodium hyperchlorite†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chloric acid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Hydride ion:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Coprous ions: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mercuric ion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 17 In acidic solution, dichromate ion will oxidize ferrous ion to ferric ion and form chromate (III) ion. What volume of 0. 100 M dichromate ion is required to oxidize 60. 0 mL of 0. 250 M of ferrous ion? Nguyen Tien Thao, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi College of Science, VNU 19 -Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: [email  protected] com Homework Assigment 1: Foundations: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 1. 1 A 47. 3-mL sample of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) has a mass of 37. 32 g. What is its density? 1. 2 If 116 g of ethanol is needed for a chemical reaction, what volume of liquid would you use? The density of ethanol is 0. 789 g/mL 1. 3 Battery acid is 40. 0% sulfuric acid, H2SO4, and 60. 0% water by mass. Its density is 1. 31. Calculate the mass of pure H2SO4 in 100. 0 mL of battery acid. 1. 4 How many moles of atoms does 136. 9 g of iron metal contain? 1. 5 A stack of 500 sheets of typing paper is 1. inches thick. Calculate the thickness, in inches and in miles, of a stack of typing paper that contains one mole (Avogadro’s number) of sheets (1 inch = 2. 54 cm) 1. 6 Compounds containing sulfur and oxygen are serious air pollutants; they represent the major cause of acid rain. Analysis of a sample of a pure compound reveals that it contains 50. 1% sul- fur and 49. 9% oxygen by mass. What is the simplest formula of the compound ? 1. 7 A 20. 882-gram sample of an ionic compound is found to contain 6. 072 grams of Na, 8. 474 grams of S, and 6. 336 grams of O. What is its simplest formula? 1. 8 Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon. A 0. 1647-gram sample of a pure hydrocarbon was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0. 4931 gram of CO2 and 0. 2691 gram of H2O. Determine the masses of C and H in the sample and the percentages of these elements in this hydrocarbon. 1. 9 A 0. 1014-g sample of purified glucose was burned in a C-H combustion train to produce 0. 1486 g of CO and 0. 0609 g of H2O. An elemental analysis showed that glucose contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Determine the masses of C, H, and O in the sample and the percentages of these elements in glucose. 1. 10 Phosphorus, P4, burns with excess oxygen to form tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10. In this reaction, what mass of P4 reacts with 1. 50 moles of O2? 1. 11 What mass of CO2 could be formed by the reaction of 16. 0 g of CH4 with 48. 0 g of O2? Nguyen Tien Thao, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi College of Science, VNU 19 -Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: [email  protected] com 1. 12 What is the maximum mass of Ni(OH)2 that could be prepared by mixing two solutions that contain 25. g of NiCl2 and 10. 0 g of NaOH, respectively? NiCl2 + NaOH — > Ni(OH)2 + NaCl 1. 13 A 15. 6-gram sample of C6H6 is mixed with excess HNO3. We isolate 18. 0 grams of C6H5NO2. What is the percent yield of C6H5NO2 in this reaction? 1. 14 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4, is a very important compound used to make fertilizers. It is also pres- ent in cola drinks. H3PO4 can be prepared in a two-step process. Rxn 1: P4 +O2 — > P4O10 Rxn 2: P4 O10 +H2O — > H3PO4 We allow 272 grams of phosphorus to react with excess oxygen, which forms tetraphosphorus decoxide, P4O10, in 89. % yield. In the second step reaction, a 96. 8% yield of H3PO4 is obtained. What mass of H3PO4 is obtained? 1. 15 2. 00 grams of ammonium sulfate was dissolved in distilled water and made up to 250 mL in a volumetric flask. A 25. 0 mL portion of this solution was boiled with 50. 0 mL of 0. 100 M sodium hydroxide solution until no more ammonia gas was evolved. Then excess sodium hydroxide in the resulting solution required for neutralization, 24. 30 mL of HCl 0. 100M. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample. 1. 16 Write the correct formulae/ions for: Potassium sulfite:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dinitrogen pentoxide:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Nitrorous acid: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Sodium hyperchlorite†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chloric acid†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Hydride ion:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Coprous ions: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Mercuric ion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 17 In acidic solution, dichromate ion will oxidize ferrous ion to ferric ion and form chromate (III) ion. What volume of 0. 100 M dichromate ion is required to oxidize 60. 0 mL of 0. 250 M of ferrous ion? Nguyen Tien Thao, Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi College of Science, VNU 19 -Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam. Email: [email  protected] com

The Characteristics of Enzymes in the Body Essay

The Characteristics of Enzymes in the Body - Essay Example The essay "The Characteristics of Enzymes in the Body" talks about the organic compounds that catalyze biochemical reactions. As they are catalysts, they are not consumed in the reaction but instead, facilitate a faster reaction rate. Enzymes in the body are mostly globular proteins or conjugated proteins. While almost all the known enzymes are proteins, enzymes such as RNase made of ribonucleic acids have also been discovered. Enzymes undergo denaturation upon slight variations in temperature and pH, as well as in the presence of chemicals that are protein denaturants. Enzymes work best at a particular optimum temperature and pH specific to that enzyme. Denaturation of an enzyme occurs when the shape of the enzyme is altered by changes in temperature and pH, both of which affect the protein structure of the enzyme. Denaturation results in the deactivation or loss of enzymatic function of an enzyme. Above and below the optimum temperature and pH, the activity of the enzyme either slo ws down or comes to a halt. Certain chemicals called inhibitors also affect the functioning of an enzyme. Inhibitors deactivate enzymes in several ways. They may bind to the active site of an enzyme and alter its shape, resulting in an inhibition of its catalytic activity. The catalytic activity of enzymes is not only affected by the pH and temperature, but also the concentration of the substrate and the product. As the concentration of the substrate increases, the enzymatic activity also increases up to certain substrate concentration.

Crime and Punishment in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Crime and Punishment in UK - Essay Example The criminal Justice act 2003 was enacted to reduce the crime by deterrence and by taking the preventive steps like supervising in the licence period and taking into custody when there is a need. The minimum time prescribed for a sentence in murder cases and the permission for a trial in the absence of a Jury, the compulsion on the persons called for Jury duties, the custodial periods, the steps taken for reducing re-offenders, custody plus, the new discretionary powers for the Jury, the role probation agencies in reforming the convicts, the permission for the retrial are some of the new clauses included in the law and generally after three years of enacting the law, there is a need to analyse the effect of it and to which extent it was showing its extra effect than the previous laws. In the backdrop of increased sentences in the last ten years and decrease of the fines and community punishments the deterrence attained by implementing the law is to be discussed.First of all there sho uld be a reason for passing a sentence or giving punishment which reduces crime or offer deterrence. The public protection should also be considered and it was considered in the act. Some Judges or magistrates feel that the act gives a practical tool for improving their decision making capacity.1 A bench which is to present a report does not like to observe the details of the punishment given. But the effort to establish rapport between bench and probation by the act is capable of showing the real positive effect. The bench now is provided with a chance to know the decisions taken at the time of probation. But the process is too complex, but is valuable. Crime and punishment in UK The judges decide the punishments in individual cases. This can be termed as independence of Judiciary. But the independence is not the one that makes an escape from the responsibilities. The sentencers may think at the time of the sentence that the punishment given may help in reducing the crime and offer deterrence. But it is not the whole thing which can reduce and deter crime incidence. There should be provision in the law to make all the agencies of the Justice system work in coordination to bring reform in the convicts and attaining the reducing rate of crime. If the Judges think that just judicial independence is the panacea, then the system will suffer and the purpose is not served. How ever the provision of liaison between the judiciary and the probation agencies is capable of bringing the change in the offenders who commit crime and serve sentences from less than 1 year to more than 2 years. The reduction of crime and deterrence depends upon the factor that up to which exte nt the convict was reformed. Generally the rate of repeating crime in the persons convicted in murder cases will be very less (not nil) as a person convicted for more than 10 years, though not reformed, may loose the capacity of committing the murder. It may not be true in all the cases here it was mentioned to make a point that the reformation is more necessary in the case of the persons sentenced for the period of months to 2 to 4 years. The reformation brought out in these persons can be a tool in hand for the system to reduce the crime incidence and to attain the required deterrence. The Judiciary/probation liaison was provided in the act for this reformation, but the extent of its implementation will result in the range of reformation. But it can be known that the sentencing by the Judges and magistrates in all the levels of the courts increased and the community punishments and fines were decreased,1 telling the fact that the liaison was not working up to the mark or it may ta ke some more time to show its effect. Though the courts of England and Wales have more probability of imposing penalties other than custodies, in the last decade the custodial sentences increased. The community sentences were also resulted in the community punishments.2 In the last ten years the custodial sen

Youth Development Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Youth Development - Case Study Example Emotions Management- this refers to the recognition and appreciation of emotions and developing appropriate ways to express them. Purpose Development- one develops career goals; they commit to personal interests and activities. They also establish a robust interpersonal commitment. Identity Development- individuals develop and humanize values. There is also personalization of values and congruence creation and development. Autonomy toward Independence- in this vector, individuals increase and establish and emotional freedom. Identity establishment- an individual does acknowledgment indifference of identity. They base the identity on ethnic background, personal orientation and even on gender. Interpersonal relations development- individuals appreciate aspects of interpersonal tolerance, differences in culture and finally the creation of sound intimate relationships. Bartleby is able to get everyone to pretend that they are rehearsing for a recital, while, in the real sense, he engages the class in taking photographs to make IDs. This is even emphasized by Bartleby’s decision to create his own ‘sham’ S.H.I.T school and go ahead to pocket his father’s ten thousand dollars given as a fee for the first semester. Lack of school ethics also shows in the decision of students to have them engaged in alcohol consumption, drug abuse and illicit sexual relations with one another in school. In addition, such classroom subjects designed, such as ‘Do Nothing 101 and ‘The Art of Sleeping’ points a lot on the degree of moral decadence in the fake school, so established by Bartleby and friends. Cognition and intellectual development- this is expounded by the manner in which the Bartleby and his friends had difficulties learning in an environment regimented with clearly drawn up policy guidelines, rules, guidelines and strict curriculum. So much that they had to be rejected by many institutions. Bartleby [especially] does not intellec tually thrive in a regimented school environment alike to the majority of his friends.

Communication and Culture Issues over disrupted Software management Assignment

Communication and Culture Issues over disrupted Software management - Assignment Example Considering that a single organization cannot afford to undertake the production and distribution of the software globally on its own, the collaboration with other partners to achieve this is inevitable (Andreessen, 2011). It is this collaboration with other business partners that makes the coordination of the business more complex, threatening to affect the software development project negatively. As observed by Lee, Delone and Espinosa, the factors that creates major barriers to the coordination between the software producers and their partners include geographic distance, time separation, cultural differences, language differences and organizational boundaries (Lee, Delone, & Espinosa, 2006). Complexity of Global coordination Businesses rarely understand what makes the global software business successful. Thus even when confronted by such challenges, businesses are not in a position to dissect and clearly identify the appropriate strategies that would see them overcome these chall enges (Gonsalves, 2011). Nevertheless, there are certain strategies that can be applied to overcome such challenges, which include building a common platform, where the business partners should share an initial understanding of the suitable framework that would drive the collaboration between these business partners successful (Rosenberg, 2012). Labor organization is yet another strategy applicable to overcome the challenges of global software business partners’ communication since it entails the allocation of specialized duties to each of the partners, which ensures that they do not duplicate or overstep their operations thus avoiding the confusion that would ensue (Hoffman, 2013). The creation of understanding is yet another vital strategy, which calls upon the software business partners to share the challenge they face in a single platform, which will create a reference point for future operation plans, and thus help in avoiding the same challenges. Educating the team memb ers on the unique challenges facing the global software business and informing them of the strategies applicable to effectively overcome such challenges goes a long way in preparing the teams on how to address future challenges based on the past experiences (Brett, Behfar & Kern, 2006). Technology readiness is yet another strategy applicable, which impresses upon the team members to always prepare to adapt to new technologies that would enhance their collaboration. Increasing the frequency of new software development, coupled with teamwork which enables the teams to work as a co-located entity serves to foster high coordination, and thus enhance speedy goal achievement for the global team (Lee, Delone, & Espinosa, 2006). The advantage created by these strategies is that they foster goal attainment for the global software development and distribution team as if the team was a single co-located entity, working in a seamless collaboration. Nevertheless, the application of such strategi es requires high levels of commitment and efforts by all the team members involved. Ramesh, Cao, Mohan and Xu observe that there is a tendency for software developm

Extend Definition of Secratary Job in Office Essay

Extend Definition of Secratary Job in Office - Essay Example Historically, the word ‘secretary’ has been derived from a Latin word ‘secernere’ which is a synonym for the English word ‘secret’ (Dictionary.com, 2011). Hence, one of the most important duties of a secretary involves handling and managing of classified or confidential information of the office. Who, among us all, can underestimate the role of the secretarial staff at Pentagon or White House! The responsibilities of a company secretary depend upon the size of the firm or company that appoints him/her, the activities undertaken by the company and the expectations of his/her employer(s). Other than that, the basic job of a secretary revolves around documentation, from typing to efficient file keeping and record tracking. Times and again, he/she is asked to record minutes of a meeting and prepare relevant supporting documents to reach to meeting conclusions / decisions. This way, he/she is expected to be both, a fine listener as well as a speedy w riter and typist (Lazary, 1988). The requirements for a secretarial post usually include a typing speed of 70 – 80 WPM (words per minute) and a legible handwriting. Along with that, secretaries are regularly asked to maintain filing systems in a perfectly arranged order. This is important so that the files can be found and accessed easily and quickly, at the time of need. A secretary must be aware of the basic rules filing systems, which include arrangement in accordance to alphabets, numbers, geographic location and subject. Secretaries are also responsible for attending and managing phone calls for their respective employers. During working hours, they are to answer all the calls and must have the clear understanding of which calls need to be dealt by them and which are to be forwarded immediately to their bosses (Lazary, 1988). They should also know what the person on the other side of the cradle will be calling about in case of regular and frequent callers, and must devel op a friendly relationship with them. This is important because they are representing the office on the online and any careless attitude expressed with the calling clients can serve as a blow to the office’s prestige. When it comes to mail reading, it is essential that the secretary is familiar with the standard forms required and used in the office (Macmichael, 2011). For example, if a person wishes to apply for the post of a legal secretary, he/she must have reasonable knowledge of bill, memo, affidavit, mortgage, lease, power of attorney etc. as he / she will not only be using them, but also held responsible for these different documents procurement and supply. Some other commonly assigned tasks include budget allocation, appointments scheduling, travelling arrangements, emails tracking, updating websites etc (Lazary, 1988). In a way, an efficient secretary’s job scope may range from compiling menu for a business lunch to managing corporate level conferencing betwee n business tycoons. The well-trained secretary is an extremely valuable employee to the company if he/she is able to accept the assigned tasks willingly and relieve his/her employer of many management liabilities. Blessed will be the boss whose secretary comes up with the required reference material for the document under discussion. A secretary also has to attend

Fair Trade Brands - Secrets of the Worldwide Popularity Coursework

Fair Trade Brands - Secrets of the Worldwide Popularity - Coursework Example Fairtrade mainly exists in developing countries and it targets specific areas, for instance, the Handicrafts, Coffee Industry, Tea Industry etc, it does so in order to make sure that the workers and the producers are benefitted and their economic stature improves by participating in Fairtrade. To understand the concept better, its principles should be well understood and they are as follows: â€Å"Creating opportunities for economically disadvantaged producers, Fairtrade is a strategy for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. Its purpose is to create opportunities for producers who have been economically disadvantaged or marginalized by the conventional trading system.† The most important principle of Fairtrade is to ensure that there are ample opportunities provided to the producer, the sole aim of Fairtrade is to ensure the well being of the workers and the producers and in this process the first is to provide opportunities to the producer because only when the producer has opportunities, it can be passed on to the workers. â€Å"Transparency and accountability, Fairtrade involves transparent management and commercial relations to deal fairly and respectfully with trading partners.† Another important principle of Fairtrade is to make sure transparency exists in every activity initiated by it, in the sense that every activity initiated by Fair trade should be without any fusses and problems, fair rules and policies are followed hence ensuring the economic and financial safety of the producer. Another important principle is to make sure that the producer gets complete independence, in the sense that he/she shouldn’t have restrictions hampering their growth, it provides a very good platform for the growth of the producers and it also improves their marketing skills by giving them access to the market where they get to know so many things which they wouldn’t have learned had they not participated in Fairtrade.

Provide an analysis of 3models of health and demonstrate which is the Essay

Provide an analysis of 3models of health and demonstrate which is the most effective mpdel to use when working with young people - Essay Example For example, prostate cancer is an ailment affecting middle aged and elderly males, while breast and ovarian cancer is exclusively a disease affecting women. Similarly, diabetes, gout and obesity are diseases affecting the sedentary population. Likewise, there are also some diseases which society regards specifically as the diseases and ailments of the youth- the foremost among them being drug abuse, alcoholism and AIDS, to name a few. It is therefore imperative that the youth of a society or a country be cared for under a national initiative like health policies for the youth. This paper will explore the history and relatively recent efforts made by the Department of Health UK and other ancillary organizations in the last decade towards promoting the health, safety and security of our youth population in the UK. We will be looking at three models of youth care and intervention-the biomedical model, the political model and the quality of life model, describing each and comparing and evaluating which one is the best to use in the UK for the purpose of protecting the health and stability of our youth. Identifying Key Issues within Youth Health Care It has been estimated that as much as 20 percent of the population of the world comprises its youth. In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) is the name of the public health service while the Department of Health (DOH) is the Government based organization entrusted with matters regarding public health policy. It also issues warnings about disease prevention and control, makes health information commonly available and undertakes other initiatives as needed for the safety and protection of the general health of the UK population. Recently the DOH has started an initiative that makes its services more user friendly towards the youth. Specifically this covers ten different areas, namely accessibility, publicity, confidentiality and consent, environment, staff training, skills, attitudes and values, joined-up working, young people’s involvement in monitoring and evaluation of patient experience; health issues for young people; sexual and reproductive health services, and specialist and targeted child and adolescent mental health services. This initiative has started in the backdrop of the successful Getting It Right for Teenagers program run for doctors and hospitals in practice. The hospitals and health centers have been directed to undertake a self review and evaluate themselves in terms of readiness or completeness in meeting the above criteria. Importance of the Health Needs of Young People According to a report published in 2007, youth and adolescents in the UK are engaging in risky behaviour that compromises their own health and well being to a disproportionately high level when compared to youth in other countries. The incidence of UK teenagers risking their health through smoking, drug and alcohol use, unsafe sex and becoming parents in their teenage years if taken together far sur passes that of any other country in the developed world. In particular, sections of the youth under the age of 15 having been drunk or having had sexual intercourse frequently without the use of a condom are the highest in the UK. It is not surprising that children born to young women between the ages 15 and 19 happen most frequently in Britain relative to other developed nations. Although these figures only represent part of the

Analysis of Pepsi Company Limited Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Pepsi Company Limited - Assignment Example The strategy used by the company indicates that the management is in the process of creating action plans that try to augment the market share and take the lead competitor position in the soft drinks industry. The company tries to do this by increasing operations in all major cities of the world to rival the global presence of Coca-Cola Company. b) The annual report also points out the fact the company uses the straight line on both depreciation and amortization, a factor which means that the company does not use reducing balance method (PepsiCo, 2010). When the different depreciation methods are compared, it can be seen that the straight-line method is the best for this type of company. This is because the straight-line method allocates the usefulness of the assets to the most productive life of the asset, meaning that when the asset is near obsolete, the depreciation allocated to the asset is small compared to the earlier life of the asset. Conversely, the reducing balance method of depreciation allocates depreciation according to the value of the asset, which ends up allocating depreciation even when the asset is near obsolete. The company also uses the straight-line method to amortize assets, loans and allocate capital expenditure. c) From the annual reports released in the fiscal year ended December 2010, the par value of Pepsi Company common stock is 1 2/3 pence per share (PepsiCo, 2010). This par value reflected by the financial statements of the company indicates that the value has remained constant since the company announced a stock split in 1996, which means that the share data have been adjusted to reflect the stock split. The par value of the shares has remained constant since the period, and capital in excess of the par value is reduced to reflect the increase in par value occasioned by the value of additional shares issued.

The effects of the video game industry on Japan Essay Example for Free

The effects of the video game industry on Japan Essay Much in the world today is of Japanese origin. Indeed, Japanese influence can be seen all over the world? on television, in comic books, in video games, in electronics, in the film industry, and even in music. In fact, currently, 60% of all the cartoon shows being broadcast on television the world over are from Japan. (Croal) Indeed Japanese anime characters have established a substantial base of fans in Europe and North America (Shuhei). Similarly, the Japanese video game industry has been very successful in the world. It has proven to have many positive effects on the world, even though many people have repeatedly tried and failed to vilify it. Perhaps one of the most important industries in modern Japan, video games have both opened up great possibility for Japans economic future and caused the rapid spread of its culture in the world. The rise in the Japanese video game industry elevated the countrys standing in the world. The first video games ever were created in computer labs of prestigious and well-known colleges by studious types, whereas in modern times, video games, complete with complex storylines and characters and with sophisticated music and game play, are created by paid professionals. The very first video games were invented by students at colleges with big computer facilities, because they had nothing better to do. [Making games] soon became a competitive field of play for these students. (Kohler, 24) Soon after, video games became something to sell, and at first were available for Magnavox TVs, played on the Odyssey systems made especially for Magnavoxes. (These Odyssey systems were not as consoles are today? i. e. , they did not have multiple games, only one game installed in the system, with the first games not even closely depicting what they were supposed to show. One game, a tennis game, was simply two white dots that were actually squares representing the players or rackets, and one line down the center of the screen signifying the net.) Then, games moved over to computers for a while, after a string of very primitive gaming consoles (which, strangely enough, happened to have the controls for the games on them, with the players having to keep score with paper and pencil, for some of the first games). These computer games were mainly based on board games, Dungeons and Dragons, and other fantasy/fiction games with a small emphasis on the graphics of the games. (Fierman) Soon, industry-changing games were released by companies who, before this point, had games only in the arcades. Along with these games came Shigeru Miyamotos invention of the gaming console (these had been invented by now) with a very stylized and appealing design, and with removable controllers, connected to the system with cables. Innovations like the ones of Miyamoto kept making the industry grow, as it became bigger and more effective in the worlds markets. Now, video games have evolved into an effective means of entertainment (at least stereotypically for males of 15-25 years of age), even better and more money-making than the movie industry. Japanese video games originality was what gave them a good hold in the relatively new and rapidly rising industry. Japanese culture was the major factor making Japanese games different from any other games. The Japanese peoples will to easily accept technology, after having stayed away from it for years, epitomizes Japanese cultures amalgamating nature. Despite the technological advancements that Japan went through, there has always been a traditionally Japanese factor in all of Japans development. The Japanese brought anime-style characters into games because of their overwhelming popularity elsewhere. In fact, Japanese video games are very heavily influenced by Japanese culture? the styles of art and music, and the various aspects of modern Japanese theater. Another major aspect of Japanese culture? the importance of depictions over writing? is obviously relevant in video games. As writer Frederik L. Schodt, author of two books and many articles on Japanese comics, puts it: [The Japanese consider comic books to be] an effective? way of transmitting information, and they use them everywhere? [people now] live in an age that emphasizes the image? [and therefore] naturally have no bias against comics. They are?the shikaku sedai, the ? visual generation. (Kohler, 6) The video game industry as a whole has had a generally positive effect on the Japanese economy, and the lifestyles of its people. One of the biggest innovations in early video game technology was that of the so-called programmable home gaming console, which was one in which different game cartridges could be made to fit into specialized slots in the console, as long as these cartridges were specialized for the console. (Fierman) One of the main economic advantages that this innovation brought was the hiring of designers to work on video games?prior to this, the programmers of the hardware of the games had to design the characters, backgrounds, and storyboards as well as the game-playing systems. Not more that a decade after this innovation, games became what they are now. In fact, because video games have been a growing industry ever since they were introduced to the world, they have also become a replacement for or a cause of the falling industries like that of movies. (See chart, compiled by Dentsu) Soon, many aspiring young artists were given chances to make and oversee all the art in these programmable game cartridges. One such man, Shigeru Miyamoto, came to Nintendo (whose Japanese name, nin-ten-dou, translates into English as the place where luck is left in heavens hands) as a toy designer (Nintendo was a toy producer and entertainment company at the time). His talents were soon realized for what they were, and his rising positions within the company eventually led him to become a designer for games. His first game Donkey Kong was a smash hit. In modern video games there has been a rising emphasis on music, especially since there was none or very little in the video games of old, because it can alter the reviews of games, leading to success or failure. This weight put on music makes jobs for composers, synthesizers, and music directors, the soundtracks even selling as well as pop music. (Kohler) In fact, these musicians work is so profitable to the industry (and indeed commonplace) that programmer Fumito Ueda chuckled in response to a question regarding the idea of taking out even the music from his mainly dialogue-less game. He said, If I took out the music, it would be even harder to bond with Ico [the name of the main character and the game itself], even if the players had maximum sound effects. (Kohler, 253) Video game companies have also had to hire marketing experts and people to work in their sales departments, and they have had to also send their games to production houses where they are produced and made ready to sell. Stats of video game jobs Perhaps because popular video games, ever since the rise of the industry, have been heavily Japanese-influenced, many people the world over have tried to vilify this very profitable industry, and have repeatedly failed. In the years when video games were pioneers in the world market, there was much opposition and skepticism regarding them. Many renowned authors of economics, and even some who became known for their pieces regarding video games, reasoned that the budding new industry would quickly fade away. One author went as far as saying, the invasion of our world [United States video gaming industry] by these aliens [the producers] of Space Invaders will quickly find their business being driven back to their own planets. (Duus, 135) Another writer, University of Miami professor Eugene F. Provenzo, wrote in his book Video Kids: Making Sense of Nintendo, about how children were not being taught some of video games intentional lessons. In Japanese video games, manga-style characters (i. e. , characters from animated anime shows) are usually used because these characters have no distinctive race, and thereby no affiliations with any nationalities; this was to teach the players of these games something about different races? that they dont necessarily have to interact negatively. (Another use of the characters of ambiguous race was that anyone could play these games, and consumers would not think these games to be for a certain type of people.) He brought up an example of a single fourth grade boy who he talked to, who did not know much about ninja or their weaponry (these specific ninja refer to the bad-guy foot soldiers of the Shredder, in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles) except for the fact that the Chinese and Japanese (he was not sure which the ninja were) were enemies. The boy said, just because they are from Japan they might want to do something different from you. And they are dangerous because they might want to fight with you. (Kohler, 9) This argument is not very solid, as it is repeated several times in his book and in some conferences Provenzo attended, and yet it relies on a single source? a fourth grade boy who happened not to know about ninja. The Japanese video game, although it has been in a constant state of rising ever since it was started up in the early 70s, has had to face problems with Japans dangerously fluctuating economy. Japan had been in a bubble and bust economic cycle, for about a year before the first video games were made. This bubbling and busting kept most of Japans economy stagnant, even though the gaming industry was slowly ascending the economic ladder of relevance and importance. (Duus, 143) There were also technical difficulties, which made the rise of the gaming industry even slower? at first, there was a lack of technology like that of today, making the economic climb very difficult, coupled with the opposition of the people in many countries like the United States, of video games in general (but more specifically foreign games). (Throsby) But more recently, things have gotten a lot better for the world-wide gaming industry, an $18-billion-a-year business (Dvorak), and Japans economy has actually gotten a small boost from this great surge of successful video game companies, which created healthy competition for larger companies like Nintendo and Sony, against each other and smaller companies like Sega, Namco, and Atari. With entertainment [all forms excluding adult entertainment, and anything to be read? basically movies and TV shows and video games] being almost one fifth (about 18%, to be closer to the precise percentage, according to Throsby) of the Japanese Economy, and with video games claiming a bigger and bigger piece of both entertainment and the market in general, it can be easily drawn that this industry is on the rise. (See chart, compiled by Dentsu) Japanese culture has been spread in the world by the widespread appearance of video games in the economies and lifestyles of the people of the world. The highest form of the art of video games is only seen in Japan, and they influence all other games heavily. (Throsby, p. 5) ? The newer generation is accustomed to having everything visual (Japanese) as opposed to having everything good be verbal (American) ? The highest form of the art of video games is only seen in Japan, and they influence all other games heavily The video game industry has had a profound influence on the modern world. Even though this industry has provided lots of jobs to the Japanese and offered a growing export market to their country, it has been repeatedly yet unsuccessfully attacked by opponents. The industry has brought its country farther in the world than the preceding flow of anime into the rest of the world. Now, the young generation of today is more thoroughly a visual generation, as opposed to the verbal generations before them? this Japanese style of thought allows for the new generation to easily accept and become attached to Japanese video games, and the Japanese cultural ideas of amalgamation, without leaving tradition behind. III. Conclusion ?The video game industry has had a profound influence on the modern world.? Even though this industry has provided lots of jobs to the Japanese and offered a growing export market to their country, it has been repeatedly yet unsuccessfully attacked ? The Japanese video game industry has brought its country farther in the world than the preceding flow of anime into the rest of the world. oThe young generation of today is a very visual generation, as opposed to the verbal generations before them? this is a Japanese style of thought, and allows for the new generation to easily accept and become attached to Japanese video games?leading the future world to become one dominated by Japanese (and other) video games ? The rise of Japanese video games is inevitable. Bibliography Croal, NGai. Fall of the Video King. Newsweek online 18 Oct. 2004. 11 Jan. 2005 . Dentsu Communication Institute Inc.. Japans Video Game Industry. 2004. 2 Apr. 2005 . Duus, Peter. Modern Japan. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1998. Dvorak, Phred. Nintendo Girds for New Hand-Held Game Player From Sony. Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition). New York, NY: Nov 8, 2004; p. B1. 11 Jan. 2005 .. Fierman, Joseph. electronic game. Encyclop?dia Britannica. 2005. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online 7 Jan. 2005 . Kawakami, Sumie. Video Game Industry Statistics. Mar. 2002. 3 Apr. 2005 . Kohler, Chris. Power-Up. Indianapolis: Brady Games Publishing, 2004. Shuhei, Kishimoto. Shoring Up Japans Content Industry. Japan Echo. Tokyo: Jun 2004, Vol. 31, Issue 3; p. 19-24. 11 Jan. 2005. . Throsby, David. The Production and Consumption of the Arts: A View of Cultural Economics. Journal of Economic Literature. Mar. 1994; p. 1-29. 15 Jan. 2005. http://links. jstor. org/sici? sici=0022-515%28199403%2932%3A1%3C1%3ATP ACOT%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-9.

Labov’s Model of Narrative Analysis

Labov’s Model of Narrative Analysis William Labov’s model of narrative analysis differs from some of the earlier approaches in that his method focuses on oral narrative instead of written text. Earlier linguists, such as Ferdinand de Saussure, believed in a structural approach. This meant that language had to be approached as a fixed, clearly defined set of symbols, which furthermore had to be studied in isolation. However, later linguists, among them Uriel Weinrich, Labov’s mentor, believed that the structural approach failed to assist us in understanding â€Å"the transition of a language from state to state† (Labov 1972:xv). Labov’s focus has been to study language as it is spoken, as a fluid and constantly changing dynamic. Most of Labov’s model of narrative analysis is based on his belief that â€Å"one cannot understand the development of a language change apart from the social life of the community in which it occurs† (1972:3). He feels strongly that observing and recording sound changes is not enough to understand the process of change—that one has to view that change within the context of the community in which it is being made, as it is being made. Using this theory, he carefully chose communities where he felt he could do this most effectively. He conducted the first of several in-depth studies in Martha’s Vineyard, a small, closed island community located in Dukes County, Massachusetts. Labov saw Martha’s Vineyard as an ideal study site primarily because it was very self-contained. In addition, it was physically isolated, located three miles from the mainland. For his next series of studies, Labov selected parts of New York City. One particular area he focused on in the New York City study focused on Black English as it was used in certain parts of the city, specifically Harlem. Although Harlem did not have geographical distance from New York the way Martha’s Vineyard did from Massachusetts, racial and socioeconomic boundaries made it an isolated community in its own way. The main points of Labov’s model were first published in 1972 in an essay entitled â€Å"The Transformation of Experience in Narrative Syntax.† In this essay Labov introduces and explains what he sees as the six main parts of a narrative. He discusses each part as a tool which we can use to analyze narrative patterns, to help recognize recurring themes and ideas. The six main parts of Labov’s model are: abstract; orientation; complicating action; evaluation; resolution; and coda. It is not necessary that all six of these be present in every narrative; for example, some narratives will not have an abstract, while others may not have a coda. Additionally, these components need not appear in a specific order, and each may be present in a variety of ways—these factors are also considered in the final analysis. Labov uses the term â€Å"abstract† to refer to the introductory part of the narrative. This may be, literally, an â€Å"abstract,† or a brief summary of the events; or it may be simply a line or two that will spark the reader’s interest. The role of the abstract is to attract the listener’s interest, and to get the listener to want to hear the rest of the story. The next stage is called â€Å"orientation.† During this phase the speaker gives the listener information about the setting of the story. For example, the speaker will introduce and describe the people or characters who will interact in the story, as well the setting (the place the action occurs) and the time frame. For the story to be valid and understandable to the reader, it is essential that he or she be informed of the time and place in which the narrative unfolds. Following orientation is the â€Å"complicating action.† This refers to the actual events of the narrative, the occurrences that move it ahead. Complicating actions may be physical actions. They may be also be statements spoken aloud, or they may be thought acts â€Å"Evaluation† refers to the point, or reason, the narrative is being told, and it can be done in a number of ways. â€Å"Evaluations† may be specifically and clearly stated, or they may be implied. â€Å"Internal† evaluations are those revealed while the story is taking place, while â€Å"external† evaluations take place outside the immediate action of the story (for example, after the story is told). Another evaluation technique is the â€Å"embedded evaluation.† This can be an explanation offered by one of the people in the story, or by the storyteller directly. In addition, it may also be an event in the story. Following this is what Labov calls the â€Å"result† or â€Å"resolution†: this, basically, is the conclusion. At this point the narrator indicates that the story has come to a close, that a final action has occurred. Finally, there may be a â€Å"coda.† By â€Å"coda† Labov means that the narrator points out the relevance of the story by connecting it with every-day life, or with other events or actions that fall outside the story frame. The coda does not always have to be present. It may also be present without being explicitly stated. One of the issues to be discussed concerning Labov’s model for narrative analysis is the method of data collection, since â€Å"the means used to gather the data interfere with the data to be gathered† (Labov 1972:43). The interview itself may be considered â€Å"public speech.† However, even within this realm, there are other conditions to be considered. For example, does the relationship of the interviewer to the interviewee affect the latter’s speech patterns? Does the use of a recording device affect the interviewee’s choice of words, perhaps make word selection more formal than it ordinarily would be? One way of monitoring this is to compare the subject’s speech patterns during the course of the interview with his or her speech patterns outside the interview setting. For example, the interviewer could also observe the subject while he or she is relaxed with peers or family members in a less formal setting. Labov’s model has strongly influenced language studies since its introduction in 1972, and it continues to be influential in additional settings. With the widespread growth of the internet, we now have a new, informal sort of communication. Linguist Michael Toolan suggests that Labov’s model is a useful tool in the analysis of internet writing. Internet writing is often less formal than academic or other types of writing, but more structured than spoken language. Thus, Labov’s model remains effective today. As language itself continues to grow and change, it is quite probable that Labov’s model will grow to accommodate that change, and to continue to be a useful tool in years to come. REFERENCES Labov, William (1972) Socioloinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: University of  Pennsylvania Press. Toolan, Michael (1988) Narrative: A Critical Linguistic Introduction London:  Routledge..

Concept of Easy War

Concept of Easy War Key Judgments Easy War, the conception that war has minimal impact on Western states and their citizens, provides a useful analytical framework in order to critique and study how Western states become involved in military conflicts. In using this framework, it is understood that the over reliance on technologically advanced military capabilities, and omission of serious review of military doctrine, will lead to Western militaries continuing reliance on methods that make wars Easy due to allowing the state to easily become involved in conflict. However, easy war overlooks that while it is easier for states to commit to conflict, the burdens on citizens have not all but disappeared, but have intensified in certain cases or The concept of easy war revolves around the ability of Western states to sell the idea of waging war to its citizens due to its minimal impacts on them, thereby increasing the ability of Western states to commit war by limiting domestic opposition to it. The ability to commit to and persuade the public that an impending conflict is an easy war largely functions on the basis of the revolution in military affairs (RMA) that developed in the 1980s, culminating in the 1991 Gulf War, and continuing throughout the 1990s. The success that Western militaries have had from these the wars of the 1990s has led to a cognitive dissonance associated with current military capabilities and doctrine, whereby many strategic thinkers and policymakers ignore the failures in these wars and believe that because their militaries are technologically superior, victory is certain and cheap. While there is some truth to the precepts of Easy War, by and large citizens are still affected in significant ways, but changes in how Western states conduct warfare has changed how they are affected and increased how critical citizens are to certain variables. The repercussions of the United States (US) wars shows the fallacy of easy war when taking into account: decreased spending on infrastructure and social programs, massive national debt, ambiguity about the righteous cause of its actions, and an increased sensitivity to causalities in war. Introduction The success of military operations by Western states throughout the 1990s has led to a reliance on the use of technology and concepts of RMA whereby governments can sell war to its citizens as easy. The ability to sell a war as easy to a states population is a result of the systemic change in how Western states organize their military, technological advances, and society interacts with the military. Due in large part to the overwhelming victory in the 1991 Gulf War, many policy makers incorrectly believed that advancements in military technology would allow Western states to ignore the supremacy of politics in war and win with overwhelming force.[1] It took until the invasion of Afghanistan and the 2003 invasion of Iraq that convinced Western states that technology does not always mean victory when you have to acknowledge the politics of the situation. However, there remains a risk that Western states will not learn from these wars, but rather remain committed to easy war with the us e of air and sea power as a means to limit costs and lives. In such an event, there would be little to no chance of true success or resolution to these conflicts. Easy war has two problems that must be addressed. The first problem is that military advancements and change means citizens are not adversely affected by the war and can be sold to them as easy of cost, conscious, and effort.[2] Second, subordinate to Western ways of war making it easy on citizens, the reduced impact on citizens then limits or removes a significant amount of public pressure on the government when seeking to enter into a conflict, thus allowing Western states greater freedom to conduct war. Background Easy war is described by Paul Starr as a war that is easy in the sacrifices it demands of us, easy on our consciences, easy on our pocketbooks.[3] The primary attributes of easy war include: not having to face the adverse effects of mass mobilization, rationing, increased taxes or economic burden, rationing, few causalities, and being guaranteed of our righteous cause while still minimizing civilian deaths.[4] All of these variables are then sold to the public to show that the government not only should conduct war, but that the state is so effective that the citizenry can go about their lives without a worry, knowing that their government is doing good abroad. Easy war is contrasted with the major wars of the 20th century; largely that of the total war environments of World War 1 and World War 2 where citizens had to make significant sacrifices for the good of the country and to ensure full effort by the state in these conflicts.[5] Easy war is a result of the obsession in RMA that emerged from the 1991 Gulf War and Post-Gulf War where the primary military technological innovations were in the areas of intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR); advanced command, control, communications computer applications, and intelligence processing (C4I); and precision fire.[6]ÂÂ   The result of these advancements in military technology meant that the fog of war became easier to overcome, that communication between all levels of the military became quicker, and that targets could be hit with pinpoint accuracy from safe distances.[7]ÂÂ   With the overwhelming victory that these advancements helped to achieve in the 1991 Gulf War caused the belief that focusing purely on advancing military technology would not only ensure that the US and Western states would have dominance in war, but that adversaries would not even threaten the West.[8] The culmination of this thinking led to the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, Iraq in particular was described and sold as being an easy war where the US military would be in and out of Iraq in 90 days, but these conflicts overlooked that military hardware is not everything.[9]ÂÂ   These wars ignored what some strategists argued that military preeminence without an appropriate strategy to shape and utilize it is both dangerous and fleeting.[10] The result of ignoring the strategy to understand the political components of warfare led to protracted and costly wars that were in no way the easy wars the public was sold on. Substantiation Although the critiques on the Western ways of easy war are well founded and offer good critiques, it broadly overlooks the changing landscape of warfare in general and its overall effects on the state and its citizens.Western states have done away with some of the major mechanisms to support states in conflict that disproportionately affects citizens, ie mass mobilization, rationing, drafts, but these are not the only ways that citizens can be affected. These mechanisms are equated with and closely tied to total war, which is not the dominant type of warfare in the 21st century. Rather, warfare for Western states in the 21st century has thus far been largely focused on addressing asymmetric and unconventional threats. To face these new threats Western states have relied upon technology in order to avoid the costs of total war, but with these methods come with new costs of non-traditional war. While Western states sell the public on minimal costs of wars, this is no such thing as cost free. By August 2016 the total costs of the US wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Syria have amounted to $4.79 trillion.[11] Complicating this further is that most of these costs add to the US debt. Interest costs from this debt will at least be $7.9 trillion as a result of these wars, which has been shown to have directly affected the ability of the US to in infrastructure and tens of thousands of jobs.[12]ÂÂ   Comparatively, the cost of the US involvement in the NATO intervention in Libya cost approximately $1.1 billion.[13] Though this shows that a reliance on air power alone, and working with NATO allies, can significantly lower the costs of war, it is by no means free and was only possible due to NATO supporting rebel forces on the ground in Libya. Second to cost, but no less important or severe, is that there are no such thing as bloodless wars and Western states must recognize there are human costs to every war. Despite promises of minimal loss of life that is associated with selling easy war, causalities in Iraq and Afghanistan were in no way low. US military casualties in Afghanistan and Iraq from initial invasion up to March 3rd 2017 have amounted to 6,766.[14] Compared to the total wars of WW1 and WW2, this seems minor, though in the age of professional and small Western militaries, causalities are more significant. A possible result of this as the public becomes accustomed to limited or no casualties, the public will become hyper-sensitive and less accepting of deaths, thus providing a public pressure on the state to not seek war. In addition, what must be accounted for are the short and long term effects on civilians. In its intervention of Libya, NATO had no casualties and limited civilian casualties to 72 deaths.[15] However, the intervention directly led to Libyas current Civil War that has caused over half a million people to flee the country, ongoing fighting, and the Islamic State to gain a foothold in the country.[16] Once it is recognized that there are serious costs in war, it must be acknowledged that the advancements in military technology does not replace strategy or replace diplomacy and political settlement. These facts were once again overlooked in Western states involvement in Libya and currently in Iraq/Syria where the focus is to bomb first and consider the political repercussions afterwards. While Western states may no longer view that a state can be rebuilt in 90 days, there still remains an overall lack of attention to politics. General H.R. McMaster succinctly stated: Be skeptical of concepts that divorce war from its political nature, particularly those that promise fast, cheap victory through technology.[17] Not only are politics essential to avoiding and ending conflict, but can minimize the intensity of the conflict by addressing grievances of communities.[18] Ultimately, even when addressing the political situations of emerging conflicts is essential to the resolution of unconv entional conflicts; Western states will continue to struggle with unconventional enemies in their effort to reconcile its Western values while meeting its security needs. Outlook Despite the heavy investments and advancements in military technology to achieve it, there is no such thing as an easy war. War remains a costly, deadly, and complex affair that requires the recognition that technology cannot solve everything. The cognitive dissonance of this fact whereby Western states are ignoring politics and diplomacy to pursue war to solve complex political problems is evident from conflicts more than from the past five years, but since 2001. More recently, from Libya to Syria, Western states still believe in easy war, but the public is finding this less and less persuasive. As the public increasingly becomes critical of the heavy debt and costs of war, the impact on lives, and the moral ambiguity associated with being involved in such wars, governments will no longer be able to persuasively argue that a war is easy. References Casualty Status. United States Department of Defense. March 03, 2017. Civil War in Libya. Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed March 01, 2017. CNN Wire Staff. CNN Fact Check: Comparing costs of Iraq, Libya missions. CNN. Accessed March 01, 2017. Crawford, Neta C. US Budgetary Costs of Wars through 2016: $4.79 Trillion and Counting Summary of Costs of the US Wars in Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan and Pakistan and Homeland Security. Costs of War, September 2016. Mcmaster, H. R. The Pipe Dream of Easy War. The New York Times. July 20, 2013. Accessed March 01, 2017. Owens, William A. The Emerging U.S. System-of-Systems. National Defense University Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies, No. 63, February 1996. Starr, Paul. The Easy War. The American Prospect. Accessed March 01, 2017. Unacknowledged Deaths: Civilian Casualties in NATOs Air Campaign in Libya. Human Rights Watch. October 19, 2015. Accessed March 02, 2017. [1] H. R. Mcmaster, The Pipe Dream of Easy War, The New York Times, July 20, 2013, accessed March 01, 2017. [2] System of systems [3] Paul Starr, The Easy War, The American Prospect, accessed March 01, 2017. [4] Ibid. [5] Ibid. [6] Owens, William A., The Emerging U.S. System-of-Systems, National Defense University Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies, No. 63, February 1996, p. 1-2. [7] Ibid. [8] H. R. Mcmaster, The Pipe Dream of Easy War, The New York Times, July 20, 2013, accessed March 01, 2017. [9] Paul Starr, The Easy War, The American Prospect, accessed March 01, 2017. [10] Strategy and RMA page 2 [11] Neta C. Crawford, US Budgetary Costs of Wars through 2016, Costs of War, September 2016. [12] Ibid. [13] CNN Wire Staff, CNN Fact Check: Comparing costs of Iraq, Libya missions, CNN, accessed March 01, 2017. [14] Casualty Status, United States Department of Defense, March 03, 2017. [15] Unacknowledged Deaths, Human Rights Watch, October 19, 2015, accessed March 02, 2017. [16] Civil War in Libya, Council on Foreign Relations, accessed March 01, 2017. [17] H. R. Mcmaster, The Pipe Dream of Easy War, The New York Times, July 20, 2013, accessed March 01, 2017. [18] Ibid.