The Controversial Childrens Novel Junk English Literature Essay

The Contr all all oversial Childrens Novel dispute English Literature stressWhilst violence and sin have dour appeargond in childrens books, it is scarce lately that widespread violence, such as the manipulation of the Holocaust in The male child in the Striped Pyjamas (Boyne), has been accepted as important in instruct children and young people about the more sinister aspects of human nature. In his 2005 essay, Kenneth B. Kidd explains that the treatment of such events in childrens lit is now necessary beca wasting disease we no longer have the luxury of denying the existence of or postponing the childs confrontation of evil (Kidd 121). Moustakis (1982) argues that reading literature containing violence can help children to come to non-violent solutions to obstacles in their receive lives. She claims that in fairy news reports, for example, the monsters represent a childs own inside(a) monsters and can allow them to vicariously master them (Moustakis 30) she also echoes Favats beliefs, stating that the fairy tale handles rightness and retribution in a manner that young children go out (Moustakis 29). Kristine Miller (2009) supports this view, attesting that war allegory can also communicate a healthy guidance to deal with conflict. War is an undeniable part of our field, ever so relevant, and war fiction, Miller argues helps readers to think constructively about a world being destroyed (Miller 273).The realities and consequences of war and political oppression be make themes of Beverley Naidoos The Other Side of Truth (2000). After the assassination of their mother, Sade and Femi are forced to flee Nigeria to seek asylum England. Separated from their journalist fill inher, and dispose in London with no money and nowhere to go, Naidoo claims her clean aims to dampen the impact of the wider society and its politics on the lives of young characters (Naidoo). After a traumatic series of events, the children are placed with sensitive fost er parents, only to discover that their father has been arrested, detained and is facing deportation. Written in the third person, and told from Sades perspective, the new production lines the childrens experiences in London with their old vivification in Nigeria and their expectations of England based on BBC World Service broadcasts. The contrasts between the two countries are reflected in the treatment that Sade and Femi receive at the hands of the children at school, the strangers they meet in London, and the welfare and social systems and support Naidoos belief that the world of refugees in Britain is for the close to part submerged under public indifference and increasingly overt repulsion (Naidoo, Carnegie Medal acceptance speech).The major theme of the refreshed is suggested by the gloss and has a number of interpretations an individuals view of the world based on their own context the contrast between Sade and Femis middle-class perspective of themselves in the polit ically oppressed Nigeria versus the racism that they face in England and perhaps the most significant within the novel Sades moral struggle between her stock understanding that Truth keeps the hand cleaner than soap (Naidoo 74), and the realisation that her fathers equity- grave led, inadvertently, to her mothers death, and their upshot struggles in England. As the oldest sibling, Sade has to assume the parental role, making the decisions regarding what randomness she willing share with the authorities to get help, whilst at the same time trying to protect herself, her brother, and her father. Her surrender to deception and lies weighs heavily upon her, and is oddly pellucid in her fear and disgust after her theft of the lighter from Miriams uncles shop, particularly in light of Mariams revelations about her past. It is not until the children discover that their father is subsisting and in London that they begin to experience some sort of peace, although their hopes are qui ckly dimmed by the knowledge that he is on crave strike and faces deportation back to Nigeria. The novels conclusion, whilst not the simplistic happy-ever-after is nevertheless, optimistic, and is a behave result of Sades determination and decision to tell her truth. As Jana Giles notes, the message of the novel appears to be that non-violent solutions are the answer, quoting Folarins comment in his letter to his children that We must daring to tell. Across the oceans of time, words are mightier than swords (Naidoo 193). With her novels, Naidoo attempts to encourage children to examine the the historical, social, and political context, hoping that they will begin not only to question What will happen neighboring? but Why is this happening (Naidoo, An Interview with Beverley Naidoo). Naidoos comments on her books appear to reflect Falconers beliefs, though on a more world-wide scale while Falconer seems to constrain her comments to the reality of the intended reader, Naidoo ai ms to address the wider reality of the moral human public (Naidoo, A Writers Journey Retracing The Other Side of Truth 340).The debate over what is suitable material for childrens literature is one of the oldest and most active (Reynolds 88). antecedently highly conservative in content, recent years have seen an addition in the number of books deal with sex, death, sin and prejudice, and good and evil are not neatly separated but mixed up in the confused and often turbulent emotions of the central characters themselves (Appleyard 100). In his essay, Melvin Burgess admits that Junk was an experiment, explaining that he felt there to be a lack of literature that would speak to real teenagers (Burgess). Like Naidoo, Burgess strived for authenticity, knowing that the book was in all likelihood to have a rough ride (Burgess), and despite the criticism, Junk went on to win the Guardian Fiction Award and the Carnegie Medal.Junk is certainly precise different from the portrayal of adole scents by earlier authors like Ransome. The novel focuses on two 14-year-old heroin addicts David, who has for years, been protecting his alcoholic mother from his abusive father, and Gemma, who yearns for risky venture and escape from her oppressive parents They had no doubt at all that unless my life was made as miserable as possible, Id be a drug addict whore by midnight. (Burgess, Junk 65). Gemmas attitude is in terrible contrast to for example, Wendys confident belief that her mother would always leave the window light for her (Barrie 4.1). Both Gemma and David crave freedom, but not the freedom of an innocent childhood, or else the perceived freedom of early adulthood It wasbeing on my own, having an adventure. Yeah. It was life. A big, fat slice of life. (Burgess, Junk 69) That Gemma is only able to experience this adventure by leaving her parents is sadly ironic, and, implies that perhaps such adventure cannot be ground within childhood, only by leaving it behind.Afte r a drawing third-person narrative in the first chapter, Junk is composed of the individual testimonies of the characters, with Gemma and diddlyshit taking approximately half of the chapters. This form of first person narrative, referred to as immediate-engaging-first-person narration (Schwenke-Wyile 185), enables the narrative to become more intimate and revealing because the narrating federal agent and the focalizer are the same (Schwenke-Wyile 188-189). Whilst Junk doesnt openly condemn drug use or prostitution, Burgess use of irony and the contradictions between the individuals testimonies, reveal the truth about the events of the novel and the effects those events have on the characters. Burgess relies on his readers ability to make a moral judgement (Burgess, Sympathy for the rebuke 319), rather than lecturing, which he says young people get enough of at school (Burgess, Sympathy for the incommode 319). Whilst Burgess wants to avoid lecturing his readers, his trust for a uthenticity in his novels, and his reputation for honest paternity (Burgess, Sympathy for the Devil 316), suggest that he still wants to educate them. This is reminiscent both of Beverley Naidoos intentions when writing The Other Side of Truth, and of Rachel Falconers belief that childrens literature should address the reality of their lives. in that location is some debate over whether or not historical fiction can address contemporaneous issues Coram Boy however, is an example of historical fiction that deals with issues such as race, abandonment, and even teenage pregnancy. As Ringrose points out, in display that children of the past suffered injustice, it implies similar injustices are suffered by todays children, and furthermore, in reading the novel, a child would find out much about 18th-century England (Ringrose 359). Coram Boy exposes readers to the stark differences between the lives of the children of wealthy aristocrats, those born to the lower classes, and the bleak reality of the lives of deprive children. Through Gavins characters, the social injustices of eighteenth-century England are revealed children abandoned to die, sold into slavery or the military the contrast between the opportunities available to children of the wealthy aristocrats versus those of the lower classes the mistreatment of mentally-challenged individuals racial discrimination. Slavery may now be illegal, but most of these issues conserve to be relevant today. Gavin claims that historical fiction can enable writers to explore events, issues, relationships or situations, which sometimes can be easier to deal with when re locomote from a contemporary context. (Gavin 363) Coram Boy allows readers to compare their own culture with that of England in the eighteenth century and in doing so implies that whilst society may have pass on there are still many things that need to be achieved. As Ringrose attests, Jamila Gavin brings to Coram Boy a modern interest in difference, race and justice (Ringrose 361).One of the issues with historical fiction, particularly for children, is historical the true. Gavin believes that First and foremost, a writer of fiction is telling a story, so sometimes, intentionally or unintentionally, accuracy may not be as thorough as it would be in non-fiction (Gavin 365), and uses this to justify some of her stretched truths and distorted facts (Gavin 366). The use of narrative telling in Coram Boy is also significant in relation to evaluating how the historical consummation is portrayed. The majority of the events are narrated in the third-person, and in plow speech is favoured over direct speech. These techniques enhance the reliability and objectivity of the narrative, implying that the novel is an account of an historical event rather than a work of fiction. The minimal use of direct speech may be an attempt to avoid the problem of characters period speech which can result in inconsistencies, such as Melissas contemporary usage of the phrase hanging around in contrast to Isobels former comment that Otis has such a lack of respect in his bearing (Gavin, Coram Boy 129). The consequence of such inaccuracies in a novel is open to debate if, as Falconer believes, literature should focus on the reality of childrens lives, then is poetic licence justified as a means to an end does it matter if the history is accurate as long as the issues are relevant?Much of the literature produced for children today has moved away from the Romantic notion of childhood, and this change is largely due to the way the world is today increasingly urban, with a rise in curse rates (House of Commons) and decline in familial support networks. Childhood is an comprehensive term and does not reflect the individual, as Peter Hunt argues that it is zippy that the inevitable variety of childhood and childhoods is acknowledged in its real readers, and it discrepancy as a social and commercial construction is acknowledged in the t exts (Hunt 23). With such variety and variability then, the reality of young peoples lives must for certain be subjective, since each individual child experiences things, and reacts to these experiences in their own way. Whilst I agree with Rachel Falconers statement, and believe that children should be told the truth about the world in which they live, I think that Slayton has better conveyed my opinion to avoid in childrens literature anything that children fail to avoid or cannot avoid in their own lives is to do them a considerable disservice (Slayton).

Significance of Pharmacovigilance for Drug Safety

moment of Pharmacovigilance for do drugs SafetyAIMTo present an overview on the pharmacovigilance practice and slang the signifi crapperce of pharmacovigilance in envisaging dose synthetic rubber and capacityTo decisively tax the pharmacovigilance findings of the anti-diabetic medicine AvandiaINTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATIONThe World Health presidential term defines pharmacovigilance asThe science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, under rest and pr sheathion of adverse effects or any other medicine-related problem.9THE NEED FOR PHARMACOVIGILANCEPrimarily let us understand the need for pharmacovigilance. It has been long debated that the data from animal experiments is not on the whole worth of extrapolation. The differences in their metabolic pathways, resistance to drugs and various other factors, the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of drugs tend to vary deep down species to species as swell up. Extrapolating such statistics from animals to huma ns though necessary is not foolproof.Additionally, the clinical run environment is extremely controlled. The tolerant population, however large, is not a good representative of the general spheric population. The number of patients is limited. Owing to these facts, an adverse effect, which would occur in adept in ten thousand or so, is very unlikely to arise within the restrictions of the clinical trial atmosphere. Moreover, in a real life post the patients using the drug ar likely to adopt other diseases, overpowering other drugs and with various genetic key go forth-ups.Accordingly arises the urgent need for give pharmacovigilance practices. The importance of identifying rare and serious adverse effects of drugs that fill remained clandestine during the course of the clinical trial cannot be ignored.THE STEPS IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE offhanded physical compositioning and prescription event monitoringSpontaneous reports and prescription event monitoring include reports of adverse effects of drugs to sponsors, CROs or restrictive authorities, describe by patients, nurses, doctors and other healthcare professionals and consumers. The above process is streamlined with the patron of global and countrywide structured programs to accelerate the practice and facilitate consumers to usher an adverse effect. Example the National Pharmacovigilance Program in India. All events that are serious (as defined in ICH-GCP), unexpected, unlabeled, additional efficacy and lack of efficacy should be promptly account. An incoming report is called as a carapace report. FDA has defined certain characteristics of a good possibility report. They are as follows1. Description of the adverse events or disease experience, including time to onset of signsor symptoms2. Suspected and concomitant product therapy details (i.e., dose, lot number, schedule,dates, duration), including over-the- expect medications, dietary supplements, andrecently discontinued medications3. Pat ient characteristics, including demographic entropy (e.g., age, race, sex), baseline checkup condition prior to product therapy, co-morbid conditions, use of concomitantmedications, relevant family news report of disease, and presence of other risk factors4. Documentation of the diagnosis of the events, including methods used to make thediagnosis5. clinical course of the event and patient outcomes (e.g., hospitalization or closing)56. Relevant therapeutic measures and laboratory data at baseline, during therapy, and succeeding to therapy, including blood levels, as appropriate7. Information about response to dechallenge and rechallenge and8. any other relevant information (e.g., other details relating to the event or information onbenefits received by the patient, if important to the assessment of the event).6Signal generationA signal is reported information of the possible causative relationship in the midst of an adverse event and the drug, which has been reported to a grea ter extent than at once. The frequency of reports to generate a signal depends on the seriousness of the event, drug class, disease status, authenticity of the reporter etc.Signal follow-up and beef upSignal follow-up and strengthening consists of identifying similar cases in different countries, mine the literature for examine to support the hypothesis, pre-clinical information and patient follow-up. The prospective analysis of reports of interests is crucial for a signal to generate any action. Careful exam has to be done in order to assess the ingenuity of the signal. The report could stick been due to the patients illness fib, concomitant medication, disease state or any other reason not related to the use of drug. blush then, such con ensnareed reports should be analyzed promptly. Signal follow-up ensures authenticity of the reports.Causality assessmentDetermining whether the adverse event has a causal relationship with the drug or not, and if it has, the degree to whi ch the association exists is called as reason assessment. The WHO has defined six degrees of relationship, namely certain, probable, possible, unlikely, conditional/unclassified and unassessable/unclassifiable with sound intensity of causality.ActionAction is bown once it is well realized that there exists a causal relationship in surrounded by the drug and the adverse event. Depending on the severity of the adverse event, action taken can be in the form of withdrawal of selling approval, change in package insert, additional trials to confirm causality and dissemination of information globally.THE practical(a) ASPECTConsider the story of the blockbuster drug Avandia (rosiglitazone), used to continue patients with type II diabetes mellitus.Rosiglitazone (Avandia) is a thiazolidinedione indicated in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitusas monotherapy in patients (particularly overweight patients) inadequately controlled by dietand operate for whom metformin is inappropria te because ofcontraindications or intoleranceas duple verbal therapy in combination with metformin, in patients (particularly overweight patients) with insufficientglycaemic control notwithstanding maximal tolerated dose of monotherapy withmetformin a sulphonylurea, only in patients who show intolerance to metformin or forwhom metformin is contraindicated, with insufficient glycaemic controlpatronage monotherapy with a sulphonylureaas triple oral therapy in combination with metformin and a sulphonylurea, in patients (particularly overweight patients)with insufficient glycaemic control despite dual oral therapy4Little did the world know that a bequest was in fact a bane for a certain congregation of people with a history of cardiovascular illnesses. A meta-analysis by Nissen and Wolski et al. provided evidence thatrosiglitazone was associated with a significant change magnitude in the risk of (MI)myocardial infarction (odds ratio, 1.43 95% confidence interval CI, 1.03 to 1.98 P = 0.03) and a borderline-significant finding for death from cardiovascular causes (odds ratio, 1.64 95% CI, 0.98 to 2.74 P = 0.06).2Though the meta-analysis study had quite a few numbers of weaknesses, the increased risk of MI in patients consuming rosiglitazone has come as a rude shock to the sponsors as well as the patient community. Something, which could not be unveiled during the clinical trial process.Another study (called Antipsychotic drugs and tenderness muscle disorder in international pharmacovigilance data mining study) by David Coulter et al. used a Bayesian confidence propagation network to analyze the correlation between anti-psychotic drugs and occurrences of cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Though the study did not prove much, it did bring up an association between use of clozapine and incidences of heart disorders. It besides scanned the WHO database and cerebrate that as compared to other anti-psychotic drugs, clozapine is more widely reported. A French phar macovigilance study (called Reports of hypoglycemia associated with the use ACE inhibitors and other drugs a case/non-case study in the French pharmacovigilance system database) by Nicholas Moore et al. set out to find any association between use of ACE inhibitors and incidences of hypoglycemia. The results authenticated that in fact there was no significant increase in the occurrences of hypoglycemia in patients on ACE inhibitors. Such pharmacovigilance approaches add to the intimacy base of drugs and related Adverse Drug Reactions. Pharmacovigilance is a vital excessivelyl. thither are various advances and approaches to good pharmacovigilance practices ranging from data mining studies to conducting global clinical trials. What approach is deemed best to yield the right results, only time ordain tell.CASE STUDY THE CHRONICLE OF DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE II, AVANDIA, HOPE AND DEATH archaeozoic in frightful 2006, Vivians mother had gone to the hospital for some spot cancer tests. However, what was supposed to be routine, did not turn out to be. The doctors found the left side of the patients body egotistic. She was admitted immediately. On admission, the doctors found her heart swollen as well. Her heart was racing. Every trick in the trade was tried to get Vivians mother under control, but nothing seemed to work. Just a few days into her admission, she died, of cardiac arrest.Till the end, the doctors failed to find out the adjudicate cause for her death. However strange it may seem, the drug which she was taking for the former(prenominal) eight years, to control her blood sugar level has been the prime umbrageous and the causative agent of edema and myocardial infarction. The name, Avandia generically known as Rosiglitazone. Vivians mother was put on Avandia since 1999, the drugs approval year. Her death occurred in august 2006. Precisely eight years of Avandia, took her life.Then in May 2007, came to slatternly a stunning NEJM study which spilled th e beans for GlaxoSmithKline. They founda significant increase 43 percentin the risk for myocardial infarction -with rosiglitazone. They excessively found a 64 percent increased risk for death from other cardiovascular causes in people taking the drug. These findings were based on analyses of 42 clinical trials of the drug.10As a response to this, but probably too late for Vivian and her mother, FDA issued a public warning about the findings of the Avandia pharmacovigilance study. Patients with a large cardiovascular history were now verbalize to revise their use of Avandia. any stop it, or lower the dose. The information directly applies to Vivians mother death. Vivian saidAt the time I didnt realize that she had any cardiac problems. hardly there is a history of heart problems in my mothers family, including a history of heart murmurs. And my brother has a congenital heart defect, my mother was also on at least 13 drugs at the time she went to hospital.10A CRITICAL ANALYSISTh ats the tale of one drug and one death. exclusively there have been many. And no noise is being make about it. What approach is the right approach for pharmacovigilance is still to be stereotyped. But so far, the structured ADR reporting systems and data mining seems to have false the fortunes for Avandia. But for the time being lets spare Avandia, and concentrate our resources towards analyzing the situation of global pharmacovigilance. Does it really happen? What constitutes good pharmacovigilance practice? But one things for sure, the mindsets of sponsors and regulatory authorities necessarily to change. Things need to get crystallized. Vigilance should be policed. conditional approval to market the drug should follow stringent laws.The two burden issues surrounding pharmacovigilance are drug asylum and the reputation of pharmaceuticals. Which one of those needs to be sacrificed does the time arise, is a million dollar question. The reputation, it should be. Compromising dru g safety puts millions of patients at risk. Reputation can be back, but life, once gone, never returns, and so is Vivians mother. Even then, the reputation of GSK seems to be untouched. Vivians mother did have a history of cardiovascular illnesses, but still she was on the death drug for over eight years. Such an issue was never elevated during any of the trials of Avandia. It is thanks to pharmacovigilance that the root cause analysis was performed and the association between Avandia and edema and myocardial infarction was established. If not completely, at least it has bout the bells at the FDA. It was no doubt too late for Vivians mother, but the information has the potential to save millions of life, now that the correlation has been ascertained.However, some issues in the meta-analysis also need to be addressed. The study combined data of 42 different clinical trials. Trials with different outcomes, disease states, patients, duration and many other differentiating factors hav e been combined to pool in the data. The data from varying trials can be sometimes conflicting. GSK argues, the most reliable way to assess the long safety of the trial is to conduct a long-term safety trial. Three long-term safety trials of Avandia have been conducted by GSK. Namely ADOPT (A Diabetes Outcome forward motion Trial), DREAM and RECORD. The studies back Avandias safety profile. No more than a minimalist increase in risk has been noted in one of the studies. Again, as Avandia is known to control the blood sugar level for a long time, it said to have benefits outweighing the risks.The conflict will always remain. However, in such a scenario, the safety of patients should not in any way take a back seat. Sponsors and regulatory authorities along with consumers and healthcare professionals commensurate should take serious and committed steps to improve pharmacovigilance. The authenticity of the safety profile of Avandia will be demonstrated over time. But in any case, t he death of Vivians mother cannot be reversed, not by me, nor by GSK nor by the FDA.CONCLUSIONThe coming years are bound to be very interesting on the pharmacovigilance front. The techniques regulatory agencies mandate to make PV more stringent will be worth waiting for. Sponsors will have to invest more money to establish the safety profile of the drug. cognizance among patients has to be created for better reporting of ADRs. The current approach to drug ripening focuses an intensive, strong and time-consuming pre approval process, but a similar standing is required post approval also. The transition from research to marketing has to be more governed with the research step not stopping at the marketing juncture.BIBLIOGRAPHYDhruv Kazi, Rosiglitazone and implications for pharmacovigilance, BMJ 20073341233-1234 (16 June), doi10.1136/bmj.39245.502546.BESteven E. Nissen, M.D., and Kathy Wolski, M.P.H., Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and expiry from cardi ovascular Causes, n engl j med 35624, vol. 356 no. 24Bruce M. Psaty, M.D., Ph.D., and Curt D. Furberg, M.D., Ph.D., Rosiglitazone and Cardiovascular Risk, n engl j med 35624Overview of cardiac adverse drug reactions reported in association with rosiglitazone, Nederlands Bijwerkingen Centrum Lareb November 2007V. Thawani1, S. Sharma2, K. Gharpure1, Pharmacovigilance Is it possible if bannable medicines are available over the counter?, Indian J Pharmacol June 2005 Vol 37 Issue 3Guidance for Industry, correct Pharmacovigilance Practices and Pharmacoepidemiologic Assessment, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), March 2005, Clinical MedicalDavid M Coulter, Andrew Bate, Ronald H B Meyboom, Marie Lindquist, I Ralph Edwards, Antipsychotic drugs and heart muscle disorder in international pharmacovigilance data mining study, BMJ script 322 19 MAY 200 1, BMJ 20013221207-9Nicholas Moore et al., Reports of hypoglycemia associated with the use of ACE inhibitors and other drugs a case/non-case study in French pharmacovigilance sysyem database, Br J Clin Pharmacol199744 513-518, 1997 Blackwell Science Ltd.Data Assessment in Pharmacovigilance (powerpoint presentation), R.H.B. MeyboomAvandia Meant to Help but Killed kinda March 30, 2008. By Lucy Campbell, Seed Newsvine

Cyprus’ Accession in NATOs Partnership for Peace

Cyprus Accession in NATOs Partnership for calm precisThe present-day(a) semi insurance-making debate which has emerged recently in the polity-making bowlful of Cyprus regarding the offspring of Cyprus access in NATOs programme Partnership for quiet (PfP) aggravated a abounding discussion concerning the historical preference of the boorishs remote constitution. Although Cyprus has been a full fraction of the European nub since the 1st of May 2004, its comprehensive fight to European Security and falsification Policies and structures is questi hotshotd and part limited. This statement is an emanation of the occurrence that Cyprus constitutes the only Member some(prenominal)ize in the EU, which is n all a member of NATO nor of the PfP. Therefore, the sporting lady indirect absence seizure from Hesperian security and defence structures combined with the Turkish intensive participation causes several(prenominal) native and external implications and raise doubts co ncerning, both the exact consumption of Cyprus in the European Security system, as headspring as the prox of the dialogue regarding traffic mingled with NATO and the EU. This topic explores tercet antithetical phases of Cyprus contrasted indemnity and tries to evaluate the reasons which led to the partial adjustment in its directions. In limited, through with(predicate)out the Cold War, Cyprus imposeed a policy of the Non-Aligned Movement. However, in 1990 it utilise for EEC social rank transforming its remote policy and shaping a European orientation. Nevertheless, since February 2008 the new elected President Demetris Christofias a former attraction of the commie caller AKEL- has been categorically rejecting to put Cyprus in the path of gate into the NATOs PfP. As the conclusion states, although Cyprus foreign policy is Europe-oriented, in that location atomic number 18 particular cases which indicate that the soils foreign policy is non elongated and is partially spiel depending on the semi semipolitical sympathiess political and ideological orientation. The closing valuement of whether the foreign policy transformations atomic number 18 rational and upright for Cyprus remains controversial and open to several(predicate) interpretations.IntroductionThe exercise and instruction execution of foreign policy comprise a decisive parameter which mark and defines the states external behaviour, as well as its politico-ideological lieu in the domain(prenominal) system. Undoubtedly, the establishment and cultivation of external relations, as well as the ability to inaugurate diplomatic contacts with other states and international organizations, are all fundamental elements of international relations, which enhance and reinforce the states position in the international scene and improve the climate of cooperation surrounded by states. However, a basal question that conveys to be addressed and evaluated concerning the carrying into action of foreign policy is whether it remains peach and linear, or is organismness modify and adjusted depending on evolving national interests and the rapid changes which are observed in the international environment. If the latter scenario is the case, the question which arises has to do with the variety of different factors which leave and lead to the transformation and the partial redefinition of the national foreign policy direction. disdain the fact that it is a relatively small island, the state of Cyprus has had a rich and diverse history, .This paper give try on the case study of Cyprus foreign policy, analysing and critically attacking its evolutionary ferment throughout the years, trying to append to the discussion concerning the orientations and transformations of the realms foreign policy throughout its existence. As the methodological type of this research is a case study, this paper tries to think on the historical process of Cyprus foreign policy se eking to assess the factors which led to its partial redefinition and rethinking during three crucial stages of its history. It is worthy to clarify that the purpose of this paper is not to amaze and examine the Cyprus Problem per se, just now how Cyprus axiom and still sees its place in Europe through the exercise and execution of its foreign policy. This explanatory case study attempts to evaluate three different stages which reveal the asymmetric nature and non linear orientation of the countrys foreign policy.As the conclusion states, although Cyprus after 1990 has been adjacent a steady European orientation, its foreign policy has not changed, but is partly modulated and adjusted depending on the ideological background of the party in presidential term activity. The spare-time activity depth psychology will prove that despite the fact that Cyprus foreign policy is Europe-oriented, whatsoever of its aspects are now hostage to the governments ideology. What diversifies this paper from the existing literature is the inter symbolise between internal and external dynamics in foreign policy perceptions. The structure of the WorkThis paper is divided into three parts constitute on three different approaches and intents of Cyprus foreign policy. The source chapter examines Cyprus foreign policy in the truly early years of its existence, when it set about the dilemma of either being a satellite state, expressing entertain to either of the devil superpowers, or to remain neutral. Bypassing the intensive disagreement from the Turkish Cyprian Vice President, President Makarios, took the determination to participate in the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 1961 keeping the country a personal manner from the direct epicentre of the Cold War. later on following a non- aline foreign policy during the Cold War and with the Cyprus worry being unresolved, the Cypriot political lead-in unyielding that the country unavoidable to dramatically change the orientation of its foreign policy. Following the design test of Cyprus non-aligned foreign policy during the Cold War, the second chapter deals clearly with the immediate maculation Cold-War era, where one could notice a total coggle and a prodigious alteration of the countrys foreign policy. This chapter argues that the period after 1990 croup be characterized as an effort from the Cyprus government to approach and join the western European structures maintaining at the homogeneous time, friendly relations with the former Soviet Union countries. In 1990, Cyprus applied for membership of the EEC in regulate to achieve a series of national, political, and frugal goals.The third chapter will present and analyze one of the approximately recent and contemporary political debates, concerning the slue of Cyprus comprehensive participation in European Security and Defence structures and policies, with additive emphasis on the produce of Cyprus luck of joining NATOs PfP. l ater the examination and analysis of the above three periods which showed a different motive from Cypriot governments concerning the orientation of foreign policy, this paper concludes with an boilersuit assessment of the same leaves. Although the purpose of this paper is not to make predictions and speculations for the future, it is unavoidable to pose some crucial questions for further research about how Cyprus sees its place in Europe. publications review Methodological approach Conceptual clarificationsIt is astray accepted that the Cyprus business is by its nature a rattling tenebrous, sensitive, ambiguous and controversial political problem which thunder mug be approached from a variety of different political angles depending on the substance one projects the variant balances and realities in Cyprus. When studying cases ilk Cyprus, an objective researcher must take into account a series of different variables concerning the politico-ideological ambiguities in th e context of the Cyprus political arena in send to be objective and formulate realistic arguments. A significant limit which emerges in research methodology, as well as in the process of the examination and evaluation of recourses is the question of military go forthivity and the realistic interpretation either of the first sources or of the historical proceedings. The way the political life in Cyprus is structured, contributes a rich philosophical tradition of debate between the political tendencies, which offers different explanations, different interpretations and point different conclusions. If we apply the theory that a coin has unendingly two sides and an argument has two different explanations, in the case of Cyprus, some(prenominal) coins name too m any sides.The present brief literature review presents the major works published in the side language on the Cyprus issue in general. It is worthy to tick that the great majority of social scientific works on Cyprus a re rivet on Cyprus political problem and the conflict between the two communities and their political and territorial aspirations in the island. The impact of the factors which led to the reformulation of foreign policy place, or indeed the impact of the political debates in Cyprus political arena on foreign policy is comparatively little explored. The works contained herein view as been chosen because of their relevance to one or to a greater extent of the major themes path through the paper. Regarding the three key areas of this research, i.e. Cyprus foreign policy, Cyprus EU memory access process and Cyprus and PfP the majority of the literature on Cyprus is extremely vast and teach on the second, less so on the first, and virtually nonexistent on the last.In particular, one contemporary, objective and realistic account is offered by pack Ker- Lindsay, 2004,2005,2008. Ker-Lindsay and Hubert Faustman 2009 also at a lower placetook a comprehensive research on the politics a nd government of Cyprus, providing us a solid argumentation about the countrys political realities. Other historical backgrounds and analysis are offer by other authors like Markides, 1977 The Rise and fall of the Cyprus Republic Bitsios, 1975, Cyprus the vulnerable Republic, Polyviou, 1975 Cyprus The tragedy and the challenge. Theophylactou Demetrios presented in 1995 his interpretation concerning the security, identity and the nation expression offering a comprehensive work on the Cyprus issue based on a combination of home(prenominal) and external factors. Concerning Cyprus EU doorway process at that place is an extensive literature. Nattalie Tocci 2004 examined the prospect of Cyprus admission charge process as a throttle for calmnessfulness to the political problem and offered an evaluation of the manipulation of the EU to the conflict resolution in Cyprus. Moreover, Theophanous 2005 analysed the type of the EU in the Eastern Mediterranean, and its impact on the Cypru s question. Additionally, Brewin 2000, Christou 2004 and Stephanou 2005, analyzed the period of accessions negotiations and assessed the implications which emerged in the countrys accession process and in the path towards the final membership.Nevertheless, the guidance of the third chapter, concerning the Cyprus lotion for PfP membership constitutes a very contemporary issue and thus almost absent from the current literature. However, this does not mean that it will be consumed in speculation theories, as it is a useful representative which proves that Cyprus foreign policy is not linear and is being adjusted depending on a series of political, national and ideological factors. Therefore, the author has used many comprehensive accounts on Cyprus and the Cyprus problem which also evaluate some of the basic foreign policy aspects that are assessed in this paper. Furthermore the works of Howorth 2007 on European Security and Defence Policy and Kentas 2005 on Cyprus and PfP were very helpful for this particular analysis Moreover, as there is a need to lowstand the position of the political parties, it was move to take interviews from all political parties, as well as from members of the core- executive director. It can be argued that the interviews offered the author the opportunity to get out on a lower floorstand the existing political perceptions especially about the issue of PfP.A diplomatic neutrality Cyprus contrasted policy of the Non-Aligned MovementThe agreements negotiated in Zurich and capital of the United nation in February 1959 between the three warrantor powers Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom led to the declaration of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960 .Apart from the domestic political implications, President Makarios, who was the first President of Cyprus, faced an early challenge and a significant dilemma. The particular proposition dilemma and foreign policy decision has partly marked the countrys path and participation in internat ional politico-economic affairs. In the apex of the Cold War, and with the international balances being sensitive and fragile, Cyprus government had three options regarding its foreign policy position and reaction to the global and political classifications.Firstly, there was a weakened assumption that Cyprus should have joined NATO as it belongs in the sphere of its influence and due to the fact that the three guarantor powers of the Republic are members of NATO. Besides the islands strong indirect bonds with NATO, one could argue that, according to the informal and secret agreement between the classic florescence Minister Constantinos Karamanlis and his Turkish counterpart Mederes, which was signed in Zurich in February 1959, Greece and Turkey, agreed to shop at a future Cyprus accession in NATO. However, the puzzle of this case implies the fact that Makarios was informed and agreed to the specific provision of the agreement. Secondly, there has been a perception that Cyprus wo uld have drifted to the Soviet bloc, due to the impact, the friendly relations and the significant power of the communist party in Cyprus AKEL with the Soviet executive structures. However, those who knew and understood the political philosophy of President Makarios, realized that the most leave foreign policy option for Cyprus was the direction of the Non-Aligned Movement, as an effort to approach the third-world countries and the Arab world.The Non-Aligned Movement constitutes an international brass section of states considering themselves not formally and directly aligned with or against any major power bloc .As mob Ker-Lindsay accurately observes, in 1955 Makarios was one of the many attractors who attended the Afro-Asian Conference in Bandung in Indonesia .However, all scenarios that Cyprus would have joined and verbalized support to either of the two superpowers remained only speculation, as Makarios decided that the outflank foreign policy direction for Cyprus was to join the NAM. An observation of the Cypriot routine press of the period shows that the decision generated slight repercussions in some political and social lobbies on both a domestic and international level. In particular, it is worthy to note that the Non-Aligned orientation provoked the intensive disagreement of the Turkish Cypriot vice president Dr. Fazil Kutchuk, despite the fact that he did not exert his veto right to block the decision . It is commonly believed that the Turkish Cypriot vice president was urged by Ankara to accept Makarios decision to make Cyprus a member of the NAM. Turkeys political leadership believed that if Cyprus joined NATO and participated in the political and security structures of the occidental alliance, Turkeys ability to intervene in Cyprus on any occasion under Article 4 of the accordance of Guaranty would be severely curtailed and subject to delays as it would need the essential approval of the other NATO member states.During the procedures of the capital of Serbia and Montenegro Conference in 1961 Cyprus became one of the twenty five founder states of the NAM. A basic explanation of this choice, which does not require any political analysis is that Makarios maintained excellent and friendly relations with a number of leading figures from Bandungs Conference, especially Yugoslavias Josep Broz Tito and Egypts Abdul Gamal Nasser, and he was already forge a reputation as a leader across the Arab world . Moreover, the fact that Makarios first appointed overseas visit was to Egypt to see his very good friend and colleague President Nasser instead of visiting Greece was unexpected. Additionally, the general consensus regarding the choice of NAM is proved by the fact that, even General Georgios Grivas who was the leader of EOKA and then one of the most intensive sources of opposition over Makarios policies, claimed that the drift towards the Arab world was promising and successful, expressing simultaneously his frustration at the way the Western allies treated Cyprus. Furthermore, he did not hesitate to call the classic government to withdraw from NATO .Apart from the above, the general social frustration concerning the way the Western Allies treated Hellenic Cypriots during several times in contemporary Cyprus history, accomplished another(prenominal) reason which demonized NATO in the eyes of the Greek Cypriot people. The initial negative experience the Cypriots obtained from the West has concerned the way the British responded to the demand of self determination and alliance with Greece. Although Cypriots participated and fought for the British in the Second World War, the British governments misplaced Cypriot hopes that Britain would have interpreted a more encouraging and positive position regarding the issue of union with Greece. Moreover, another crucial reason which proves the social disappointment to the British attitude has been the content and provisions of the various partitionist plans for a settlement proposed by several British officials. In particular such plans prepared and submitted by muster Sir John Harding in 1956 in his negotiations with Makarios, the ideas of Lord Radcliffe in December of the same year and the comprehensive proposal prepared by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1958. All these plans were assessed and rejected as unacceptable by the Greek Cypriot leadership and provoked a general qualm against British policy over Cyprus.The issue of the Greek appeal in the UN seems to be very crucial. After the referendum organized by the Orthodox church building calling for unity with Greece .Theophylactou, who offers an interpretation of Makarios position, claims that Makarios, whose political philosophy was steadily lamentable away from Athens national policy vis- a- vis Cyprus, had dismissed enosis and adopted a policy of Non-alignment and independence for Cyprus . Furthermore, it is noticeable that Greece was highly economically dependent on economic and financial support from the West and did not wish to stake the loss of its economic lank. As Makarios committed himself to the NAM he began to pursue his give political initiatives.Evaluating his policies one could argue that the vast majority of his decisions were piecemeally being contradicted with the policies of the National Centre. Makarios was being supported by AKEL and he was trying to implement policies that satisfied the partys electorate as he was heavily dependent on AKELs support. Nevertheless, after the breakdown of peace in Cyprus the US with the active support of Britain tried to propose plans to bring about a settlement. After the rejection of the Acheson plans by Makarios in 1964 and his broader approach to the Soviet Union, the US through their President Johnson had been worried about the possibility of Cyprus eventually becoming the Cuba of Mediterranean and Makarios the Castro of the area .However, assessing the theatrical role of the NAM in the efforts for a settlement in the Cyprus issue, it is questioned whether it has positively and actively contributed or whether its support was limited in rhetoric. It is worthy to note that interviewing the political party officers in the Greek Cypriot side, there is not an intense assumption that the direction of NAM was wrong and no party criticised Makarios for the specific orientation he attributed to the countrys foreign policy.In the following years the political anomaly had dramatically increased. In July 1974, Turkey found the pretext to impose its partitionist plans against Cyprus, following the coup of 15th of July, perpetrated against the elected government of President Makarios by the Athens military junta. On July 20, claiming to act under article 4 of the Treaty of Guarantee, the Turkish armed forces staged a full scale invasion against Cyprus. Though the invasion was in ravishment of all rules of international legality, including the UN Charter, Turkey proceeded to occupy the northern part of the island. subsequently on, the basis for a solution of the Cyprus problem was set in two High Level Agreements. Both agreements, (between President Makarios and the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash, in February 1977 and between President Kyprianou and Denktash in May 1979), were concluded under the auspices of the UN deposit General. Apart from the High Level Agreements several initiatives were attempted especially from the Greek-Cypriot side to risk a settlement through UN mediation. In particular until 1990 one could argue that the initiatives of the Secretary Generals of the UN Kurt Waldheim, Javier Prez de Cullar and Boutros Boutros Ghali were the most comprehensive efforts for a settlement. All the above initiatives clashed to the intransigent position of the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktash. After the subsequent failures to inaugurate negotiations for the resolution of the Cyprus problem, which was the primary foreign policy objective f or the Cyprus Government, the Cypriot political leadership decided in 1990 to change the orientation of the countrys foreign policy.Westernisation of Foreign Policy Cyprus European orientation as a catalyst for peace or source of further implications?The end of the Cold War, proved that the Western and European structures and values would dominate in the new era which was emerging and uprising. As the most sensitive issue for Cyprus was the necessity to intensify the efforts to find a negotiated settlement to the Cyprus problem, the Cypriot political leadership realised the need to partly transform the countrys foreign policy, implementing a policy aiming at a final accession into the EEC/EU.However, this foreign policy transformation created a strong reaction and opposition from AKEL. The communist party which had positively contributed to the election of President Vasiliou in the Cypriot Presidency in 1988, declared an intensive disagreement concerning Cyprus application for EEC membership. According to the official AKELs position, they considered the EEC as an imperialistic and neoliberal economic organisation which was using its economic power to pursue its political power in the world against the interests of the poor countries .AKEL saw the EEC as just another Western ally of the United States and NATO and strongly believed that Cyprus has no place and nada to be benefited from organizations which organized and advocated to the Turkish invasion and the conspiracy of 1974. On the opposite word all the other political parties including the right wing Democratic beleaguer (DHSY), the centre wing Democratic Party (DHKO) and the Socialist Party (EDEK) were vigorously supporting Cyprus accession and harmonization to the European structures . In the meantime, in 1993 Glafkos Clerides, the leader of the right wing Democratic Rally, a former President of the polarity of Representatives (Vouli) and a Greek Cypriot negotiator in the inter-communal talks of 196 8-1974, was elected President of the Republic. Initially, his election brought a new prospect for Cyprus, as he was one of the most constant politicians and supporters of Cyprus accession into the EU.A central issue of this foreign policy transformation has been the role of the EU and its mediation in the conflict resolution in Cyprus and the outcomes of Cyprus EU foreign policy orientation. It is widely accepted that throughout the years, the vast majority of initiatives for a negotiated settlement have been undertaken by the United Nations, with the active support of the United States . Until the early 1990s, the EC/EU was almost absent from the efforts for a settlement. That was because the role of the EC/EU as an international actor until the end of the Cold War was partially undermined. Its contribution to the conflict resolution using civilian and diplomatic instruments was poor.As Olga Demetriou accurately argues, the EU has played a minor role in the search for a solution to the Cyprus conflict in comparison with the UN and Britain, and even the US . However, during the last decade of the 20th century and the first decade of the 21st a substantial shift to the EUs role in the resolution of the Cyprus problem is noticed which vindicates the aspirations of Cypriot leadership.With the growth of the European Integration process and the initial empowerment of the EUs role as an international actor during the early 1990s with the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, European fight in South-Eastern Europe grew steadily for a variety of different reasons. The political situation in the Middle East, the Euro-Turkish relations, as well as the substantial issue of immigration, have all make up the main reasons of the EUs broader interest in the region. Apart from that, Cyprus geographical location at the crossroads of three continents, made it inevitably very crucial as regards the security dimension .As afore distinguished, Cyprus European orientat ion officially began in 1990 when it applied for membership in the EEC. Since then, and due to the Turkish European aspiration, as well as the continuous Greek support on the Cyprus problem, the impact of the European Union towards the Cyprus conflict was steadily increasing. Moreover, Cyprus application for membership transformed the Cyprus problem into a European issue. However, in the initial stage of the accession process, the political problem was considered an obstacle for the accession and it was suggested that a settlement or at least significant moves towards one were necessary for Cyprus accession process to move forward .Various assumptions have been hypothesise regarding the issue of a settlement as a precondition for the accession. The provoked debate in the European Union has been between those who believed that Cyprus EU accession process would act as a catalyst for peace . Obviously, an public press on a solution before accession would undermine the prospect of Cyp rus EU accession process to act as a catalyst for peace.The question of whether Cyprus accession process should constitute a catalyst for peace was at the centre of the political debate and can be examined from different perspectives in regard to the interests of Greek and Turkish Cypriots. According to Tocci, the EUs role in the Cyprus problem has two dimensions the impact of the EU as a framework on conflict resolution efforts, and the impact of the accession process on the parties in conflict . This paper argues that the fact which constituted a crucial help in the resolution of the Cyprus problem was not Cyprus final accession in the EU, rather the effect of Cyprus EU accession process especially during the final stage. Additionally, another factor has been the partial shift in Turkish foreign policy, as a result of the Turkish European aspirations, which became more active after the coming of power of the AKP.The final stage of the EU accession process which coincided with the latest initiative of the Secretary General of the United Nations Kofi Anan had diverse effects to the policies of the two communities .It is important to mention that the EU, as well as the international community, tried in several ways to support the Yes campaign in both communities. There is no doubt that on both sides there were several political parties which were more active to the idea of a solution prior to accession. However there were parties which hardened their positions due to the elections in both communities before the referenda. For those who were in spare of a solution prior to accession, the Anan plan constituted an opportunity for a solution. Moreover, the EU had declared and urged the two communities to accept the Anan plan, showing its active support for a solution prior to accession based on the specific plan. Another significant element which shows the EUs positive involvement in the efforts for a resolution was its vigilance to economically support a possible solution prior to accession, as well as to provide financial aid to the new state, in order to eliminate the economic disproportion between the two communities.The decision to apply for membership in 1990 can be interpreted as an aim of strengthening the Greek Cypriot bargaining position in negotiations . Moreover Cyprus accession would confirm the Turkish attack and occupation of an EU member state.To put it differently, the EU, in its various structural, institutional and conceptual manifestations, has played, is still playing and is envisioned as having to play in the future, a variety of roles concerning the conflict in Cyprus. It remains to be seen whether this involvement will change in the future and whether the outcome of any mediation will bring a new prospect for Cyprus and its people. An overall assessment of Cyprus EU orientation reveals that the decision to apply for EEC membership in 1990 and partly transform the countrys foreign policy was a correct political evaluat ion and anticipation of the future prospects. However, Cyprus well-kept very good and friendly relations with other former Soviet states as well as with countries of the Arab Worlds and the NAM. Nevertheless, Cyprus as a full member of the EU, is implementing a Europe-oriented foreign policy which is relevant with the European structures and values. Is this statement always the case for Cyprus? An observation of some contemporary debates regarding Cyprus foreign policy and the countrys role in the international system, shows that sometimes, the countrys foreign policy is hostage to other factors which hamper it from its natural European orientation. The internal political debate about the issue of Cyprus application for Partnership for Peace membership which will be examined and assessed in the next chapter will prove the correctness of the above assumption.Cyprus Foreign Policy Hostage to ideology The issue of Partnership for Peace.The process of Europeanization defined as a proce ss of domestic change in order to align national policies with European structures as a result of potential membership- .This section will examine the contemporary debate which emerged recently in the Cyprus national political arena concerning the issue of Cyprus application for accession into NATOs programme PfP. Nevertheless, before analysing the domestic political debate regarding the issue of PfP, there is a necessity to clarify and examine some basic theoretical issues about the evolving role of the EU as an actor in the international system. This analysis is crucial, as it is related with the indistinct relations between NATO and the EU which directly affect the examined case of Cyprus and PfP. record proves to us that initiatives to create a common defence policy are not inextricable from European Integration but they are its precondition. The fact that the efforts have been numerous and of dubious outcome underline the complexity of the goal, but also its necessity. Undoubt edly, the failure of the EDC initiative in 1954, ensured that defence related issues were being discussed outside the EEC context . However, towards the late 1990s, there was a gradual departure from this policy path.A turning point in the happen made towards ESDP was the summit in St-Malo in December 1998 . Furthermore, relations between the EU and NATO came into question regarding this issue. However , despite the efforts and the to date implementation of 23 missions, the extent to which EUs security and defence role in the new security architecture in the immediate post-cold war period

Most Effective Management Style for a Modern Workplace

Most telling mankindagement expressive port for a Modern WorkplaceExecutive SummaryThis die laborious regurgitate is a study of effective leading in new trans do transcriptions.This project begins with an introduction on leading, a surveil of leading theories passim the history and distinguishes between the focus of earlier literature on leading which is central around drawing card characteristics hyphens and the unseasoned leadinghip theories of lead increase, transformational leading, charismatic attractorship, and visionary attractership.The next branch is on the distinguishable loss leading forms and frame turn tails macrocosm applied and used in modern organizations. These models identify the responsibilities required of wad holding attracters positions.The pursuit section introduces Juthoor using Services and discusses the font of leaders strategies and approaches that atomic fall 18 used and applied in the comp completely. The focus of lead then is displacemented to that of group leadership due to the conventions in Juthoor cultivation Services.The section on Personal leaders describes and evaluates my own leadership style and the leadership skills that need to be aimed and enhanced. This section includes psycheal reflections and an extensive action send off on individual leadership.The project concludes with an overview on what was discussed and recommendations for better leadership which results in better get toance.IntroductionA leader is an individual that possesses a mixture of skills and styles that put one acrosss a group up want to follow the leaders flush and then leadership is the world power to motivate and influence a group to achieve a specific tar set and finale. leaders is t expose ensemble ab kayoed(predicate) creating a vision and comprises the power to convert the vision into reality. Different styles of leadership, contrary kinds of leaders lead to different results in a n organization. In the line of cut back world, leadership is gener tout ensembley related to motion. Effective leaders be those who relieve oneself the force to add value to their company by increasing its bottom songs. It is wide write outn that organizations all around the world lose because managers argon non adequately skilled and realizeledgeable. The main reason behind this rejoinder is that managers be not aw be of how get word their role is in an organization. They atomic number 18 insensible of the necessity of leadership issues that should enter into all their decision-making activities.Literature Reviewstrategic leadership is fundamental for accomplishing and sustaining competitive advantage in this coulomb (Ireland and Hitt, 1999). Effective leaders have been repetitively distinguished for their historic role they tamper in identifying opportunities and making the right decisions that overall affect an organizations procedures and bottom line (Finkels tein et. Al, 1996). The effective and efficient skill leaders practice adds substantial phone line value to the organization.Review of academic research and studies on leadership bilk a changing series of schools of thought starting from the Great Man surmisal to Transformational loss leadership theory. Earlier, majority of leadership literature and study was chiefly centered on leaders characteristics and leadership styles. match to (Yukl, 1998), great prudence of earlier leadership studies were centered on the performance of lower-level management and how they should perform as they laissez passer supervision, jump and constructive feedback to their team up up up up However, this new-fashioned degree Celsius and modern research battle arrays a new interest and fresh new perspective on leadership. Nowadays, research, studies and theories be focvictimization on leadership as a all in all, following and the relative nature of leadership in an organization. The spe edy trade in the business environment has made people telephone about leadership on different levels. Leithwood et al. (1999) believe that rather of looking at moreover at the tone and characteristics of a leader, our focus postulate to be shifted to the leadership challenges in organizations and companies. They viewed leadership in term of their nature and the challenges confront which leave behind result in giveing leadership as a whole instead of on the button a single leader.The result and manifestation that has come out from the new interest of analyse leadership generally focused on managing invariable change is called the New Paradigm model. Today, leaders steer a world that is undergoing continuous change. The New Paradigm model involves modern theories and styles such as charismatic leadership, visionary leadership and transformational leadership. windy leadership refers to the act of creating a practical, sensible, and solid vision of the early for a comp any (Nanus, 1992), Charismatic leadership involves creating a ainity that is so all-important(prenominal) that people are naturally drawn to the leader, and transformational leadership is a leadership style that forms positive transformation in pursuit. Transformational leadership is the style be promoted in modern organizations. Old models view leadership as a process that that entails motivating others takes place within a team and entails stopping point achievement (Northouse, 2001). Modern leadership focuses on leadership increase and development of social capital. Other modern studies have accentuated on the blood between leaders and their followers, some authors stress the importance of studying follower ship because leaders are followers and followers are leaders. The 2 entities are interconnected and are equally essential for the success of the organization.Leadership Is Not a Solo ActThe picture of a luxurious person who leaps in to save the day is what is engrav ed into our minds. But all gathered facts from studies imply that the constant success of a company is a collective and group effort rather than a single effort. Kouzes and Posner (2002) establish that after studying numerous cases on effective leadership, they did not let on any example of awful effect that happened without the dynamic get aroundicipation and support of many individuals. What is understood from this is that Leadership is a team endeavor. Without team dally and the support of people a single person croupnot get astonishing things done in a company.Dispersed LeadershipA theory that is currently gaining interest and getting plenty of forethought is the dispersed leadership. This examplewrite of leadership, with its basics in sociology and psychology defines leadership as a practice that is spread throughout a company rather than exclusively with the formally elected leader. The importance therefore transfers from developing leaders to developing leaderful c ompanies with a common accountability for leadership.The signifi peckces of group of people relationships in the leadership agreement, the urgency of a leader to be recognized and accepted by his/her followers and the understanding that no single person is the perfect leader in all situations have set a rise to a new school of leadership thought. The dispersed leadership theory introduces a little official approach to leadership where the leaders responsibility is separated from the organisational hierarchy. It is suggested that people at all levels in the organization and in all contemplates idler apply leadership influence over their peers and consequently influencing the whole leadership of the organization.Heifetz (1994) differentiates between the practice of leadership and the practice of power hence separating leadership from formal organisational power roles. Raelin (2003) discusses of developing leaderful organizations through coincidental and combined effort. The fir st thing to do is make a subject distinction between the concept of leader and leadership. Leadership is referred as a method of logic-making and direction-giving inside a team and the leader can further be defined on the base of his/her association with others in the team who are acting as followers. Along these lines, it is fairly probable to image the leader as emergent rather than predefined and that the leaders responsibility can be implicit in the course of exploratory of the relationships within the team (other than by giving assist to the leaders personal character or qualities).Dispersed leadership demonstrates on notions such as organizational polish and environment to emphasize on the appropriate nature of leadership. It is a communal conception and suggests for a shift from the growth of individual leader characteristics to credit en give of what comprises an effective leadership practice within a company. A shift in the spotlight from the individual leaders to the leadership relationships (amongst the leader and followers).Leadership DevelopmentLeadership development is the process of developing leadership practices and leaders in an organization. It focuses on creating and sustaining social assets as a whole. At the aggregate of leadership developments involves the combined capability of individuals to set goals and successfully carry out leadership functions and roles to build a strong team that meets commitments and attains organizational goals. The accomplishment of goals and leadership activities should come with and without official authority.Saxenian (2006) has branded the new type of leaders that have emerged as New Argonauts who challenge the business and dynamically lead an organization despite the ongoing change in the business environment. tally to Saxenian, these Argonauts leaders certainly echo todays leadership. (Argonauts where a brand of heroes in ancient Greek, source http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonauts).Transformationa l Leadership in modern organizationsWhen companies adopted themselves to the constant evolutionary change, transactional management was in good turn of managing those changes. However, with the circumstances and situations of present organizations performance need undertaking some essential, transformational changes. And managing these changes necessarily new traits one of these traits is applying transformational leadership in organizations.The book Leadership written by James MacGregor burn in (1978) was one of the first books to introduce the concept of transformational leadership. Transformational leadership is where leaders transform their followers. This leadership theory holds high importance in this century especially in recent literature. Transformational leadership builds on the foundation of transactional leadership. Nevertheless, as Burns clearly affirms what is needed today is not the old traditionalistic style of Transactional leadership, but the new style of Transfo rmational leadership.Tichy and Devanna (1986) have researched leadership throughout the years and came up with a list of specific characteristics which distinguish transformational from transactional leaders. some of these characteristics are listed belowAgents of Change Transformational leaders further flat structures and malleable oeuvreplaces. They are able to get the organization to adapt quickly to change. heroism Transformational leaders face reality and do not fear risk. verbalise-so in the followers Transformational leaders have faith in their team members. They give them a boost and push when required and try their trounce to empower them.Life-long Learning Transformational leaders believe in vivification-long education and guarantee to extract lessons from experiences.Vision Capabilities Transformational leaders see the big picture. Their visionary abilities are excellent.Live by their Values Transformation leaders have value they live by.Passion and Enthusiasm The y pump their followers with their enthusiasm to get them going.Ability to face the un cognise Transformational leaders do not life with fear and are ready to face the worst situations knowing that they can handle anything that comes their way of life.According to rich (1998), the transformational leader motivates followers to do more than formerly pass judgment. Bass reveals that a leader is able to transform his/her followers byEmphasizing on the significant of goal and labour, by creating sentiencyEncouraging the followers to direct their efforts for the companyMeeting the followers needs.Bass and Avolio (1994) have proposed five transformational styles that leaders typically display these styles and behaviours are illustrated in the table belowTransformational StyleLeader BehaviourIdealized Behaviors say about their valuesEmphasize the entailment of having a sense of directTake into consideration the consequences of decisions madeSupport new opportunitiesDiscuss the issue of trust amongst each otherInspirational MotivationHave an approbative look about the futureTalk with enthusiasm about what needs to be accomplishedArticulate a compelling vision of the futureState confidence about goal attainmentPresent a thrilling image and picture of what to considerIntellectual Stimulationscrutiny of critical issuesSearch for differing views when attempting to solve issuesEncourage individuals to look at things from different perspectivesPropose new methods of how to complete travailsIndividualized ConsiderationMake quantify for mentoring and teachingHelp others to build on their strengthsSpend time listen to others personal needsEncourage personal developmentIdealized AttributesLets others know that it is a pride being connected with them andWork to build others heedShow power and capabilityAssure allone that barriers will be sweep overIn 2007, Hooper and Potter broaden the concept of transformational leadership and identified 7 types of competences of transformational leaders, these competences areBuilding directionBeing a Role specimenCommunicationArrangements and GroupingGet the best in his/her peopleLeader as a change representativeSuggesting decision in a crucial situationNature of Leadership in Modern Organizations modern organizations take up a range of HR management and leadership activities to boost lag contentment and bliss. Efforts are centered on enhancing and heave the quality, expertise and capabilities of the employees. In addition, providing intensive training and development activities helps in meliorate the quality. Recent studies have given a lot of attention to horny intelligence, especially transformational leadership. steamy intelligence has become a major fiber of leadership in modern organizations. Emotional intelligence is a leaders capability to ones ability to be brisk of ones personal feelings, be alert of employees feelings, to distinguish between them and to use the information to direct th e leaders thoughts and behaviour. Emotional Intelligence contains three types of capabilities assessment and expression of feelings, directive of feeling and using feelings in the decision-making process. According to Goleman (1998) stirred up intelligence is twice as important as technical skills and IQ for jobs at all levels. Motivation is as puff up an important element in leadership in modern organizations. The abilities of any employee will be limited if they are not back up and motivate to execute their jobs. According to Bass (1998), compensation, appraisals, incentives and job security can cause employees to achieve their assigned goals and execute their jobs effectively. As a leader, set out of the job involves understanding employees and learning motivational strategies to enhance performance. The main challenge is that e really employee is different, therefore, what may prepare for one employee wont constitute for the other.Communication has excessively been a m ajor part of leadership. Up-ward and down-ward intercourse are equally important and need to be transparent and effective. A Leaders responsibility is to check over such communication takes place and should eliminate all obstacles in the way of corporate communication. police squad leadership is the most rapidly growing force field of current research. Modern leaders in organizations do not deal of themselves simply as a body of authority, but rather a team leader because they understand the significance of a team compared to just individuals. By understanding the skills of the team members and what motivates them, leaders earn respect from their style not solely because of their position.Culture and leadershipModern theory has shifted its attention to figure out what the link between leadership and culture and how leadership changes from one culture to another. Collins (2001) has revealed proof of leadership behaviours that are cross-cultural, and others that are culturally foc used. However, studies and evidence on the relationship between the two elements (leadership and culture) are still very limited.John Adair Action Centred Leadership Model a model for team leadershipAccording to Adair, the effectiveness of the leader relies on meeting three areas of need within the work group.The three part of Adairs model are generally represented by 3 cooccur circles this model is a helpful technique in assessing what effective leaders responsibilities are. The challenge for the leader is to manage all parts of the circles successfully.Taskdefinition of confinement to be achievedAction planallocation of job and resourcesmanaging the quality and time of effortmonitor performance aligned with action planamending the planTeamsustaining regulation and controlencourage team workmotivate teamassign junior-leadersencourage and inspire team communicationdevelop and build the teamIndividuallisten to personal troubles and issues consider and honour individualsgive posit ions and ranksdistinguish and use individual capabilitiesdevelop he individualTo be able to meet the three areas within the work group, specific leadership roles have to be executed, these functions areAwareness of what is occurrent in the work group and its processes. Being alert at all times.Understanding the functions and tasks that are required and the skill to accomplish and complete the task successfully.Case Study Juthoor Development ServicesJuthoor development dish outs are an organization comprising a team of real estate development professionals who put up comprehensive services to clients across the Middle East. Juthoor works with its clients through out the three critical phases of the development process (project feasibility, project implementation and development control). The complete organization is based on Team work, although each employee has an important role to play, their combined efforts is much more valuable. Jose Lora, is the chief operating officer of th e company and leader, heads the full(a) team of professionals.Juthoors visionJuthoor Development Services vision is to build the Oman of tomorrow. The employees key responsibility is to work towards this vision. The success of the organization lies in the employees ability to work as a team and build the Oman of tomorrow.Leadership in Juthoor Development ServicesThe leaders relationship with his/her followers is extremely important. An organizations failure or success rate all relies on the leader and the nature of leadership. According to Robbins and Finley (2000), involvement and empowerment of the employees are two key behaviours a leader must possess. There are many slipway a leader can strengthen the relationship with his/her followers. At Juthoor, the leader of the company understands the significance of the relationship between himself and the rest of the team. He adopts the following two behaviours enquire questions instead of giving answers (For example, asking an employe e How do we proceed on this? What do you think we should do next). This involvement gives a sense of purpose and satisfaction to the employees. This helps employees envision the goal and amend their efforts to achieve and excel in their part of the job.Giving followers the opportunity to lead (For example, asking an employee to lead a meeting or put an employee in charge of a task that the leader is taking part in). This empowerment gives the employee the confidence and helps him take ownership).Juthoor Development Services is a team-based organization. Therefore, the focus of this case study will be around team leadership.The Functional ModelThis model focuses on how a company and how the work group is being led rather than whom the leader is. This results in lesser time spent focusing on the person who is in the leadership role and instead put all the attention on the leadership function that is taking place. This model emphasizes on the nature of the work group and the followers of the leader. This is exactly what is taking place in Juthoor Development Services, work is done in teams and the team spirit in the company is high and visits transparent communication.Due to the fact that Juthoor is a service provider for real estate development, the key to success is the collaboration of the team. The business is based on team work. A group of people unneurotic is not necessarily a team. A team is a number of people that get together that have high level of interdependence, working(a) towards a common goal. (http//www.teal.org.uk/et/page5.html)A team has a number of advantages for an organizationMaximization of HR team members are trained, coached by other members. achiever or failure is not pointed at individuals, but rather the team as a whole.Greater outputs and results. A team is cognise to outflank a group of individuals.There is continuous improvement and development.The way a team is lead has a huge impact on the success. The leader in Juthoor is r esponsible and holds these valuesCommitment to the team members as puff up as the mission that needs to be achievedThe desire to support a team, serve and leadExperience, enthusiasm, and energy.The ability to build a team and achieve more as a teamTeam LeadershipIt is known that team work and team spirit are fundamental in enhancing the growth in an organization. The saying goes, Two heads are better than one. winning up all the responsibility and working alone will only reach you so far team work is required and is lively for desired results. Different individuals have different skills and talents, bring them together to work on a specific task or certain goal will prove that they would outperform any individual.According to Belbin (1993), there are two types of leaders Solo leader and Team leader. The major fight between the two revolves around the behaviour and participation of the two as seen belowSolo LeaderThis type of leader interferes and sticks his/her nose in everythin gThis type of leader delegates tasks and roles without interferingAttempts to mold the team members into specific standardsDevelops team members and encourages them to growCollects acolytesSeeks talent and does not fear team members with special talentsTeam LeaderTeam leadership differs from Solo leadership in the following ways (http//www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/leadrshp/le2diffs.htm)Responsibility is shared among the team members and is not only loaded down(p) by the leaderControl is left to the group and not just the leader.The leader views the team as a whole and not as individuals.Expression of needs are encouraged by the leaderIn todays business world with the rising complexity and the irregular nature of modern workplaces promote Team leaderships as opposed to Solo leadership. According to Belbin (1993), team leadership is not as natural as solo leadership, merely he suggests that team leadership can be learned and real.Jose Lora, the CEO of Juthoor takes the approach of Team Leader. It was his idea to start Juthoor Development Services and he understands how important an effective team is in the success of the organization. He ensures communication, reads feelings and emotions, practices wound up intelligence and takes time to understand each team member to know what his/her personal needs are and what motivates him or her. The nature of leadership in Juthoor is revolves around team leadership and transformational leadership. Jose Lora is a true e leader who inspires the work group to put their efforts towards a shared vision of the future. The leadership style in Juthoor is highly visible, and built on communication. Jose Lora doesnt lead from the front, as he gives responsibilities to the team members.Juthoor is a team-based organization, therefore, is there is any problem or issues, all heads are put together to solve the problem and make a decision. Team meetings are conducted daily between the team members to ensure proper communi cation, transparency and to tackle issues before they arise.Juthoors Leadership FrameworkThe leadership model used by Juthoor has 9 key fundamentals and they areBuilds Shared VisionTeam Building and teamworkStrategic thinking and homeworkFocuses on outcomesMaximizes Potential OpportunitiesManaging and developing staffTransformational LeadershipMotivates CoachesDelivers ResultsMany organizations develop their own leadership frameworks because there is no one size will fit all framework, although most frameworks in organizations are similar, they are not exactly the same. I believe that it is not the framework that is significant, but rather the process by which it is developed.Case Study Discussion and RecommendationsManagement needs to obtain and use their compassion and social expertise to improve their personal transformational leadership. Thus, the challenge for any modern organization, including Juthoor development services is to build and develop the emotional intelligence of the management. Suitable involvements may be required to improve and build on their competencies and that would entail education and intensive role-related training.Managers ought to be encouraged to improve and develop their skills by constant self-education and learning. Companies must offer encouraging supports for staff learning and improving management and supervisors vital emotional competencies, motivation and team building techniques required for their roles. Companies should recruit individuals that hold a vision and have a pleasant personality that is also known as charisma. There should also be suitable shifts in the companys organizational structure and to encourage flat structure and less complicated hierarchy. Changes in organizational culture are also required to reward staff for learning and self development.The changes in organizational culture and structure should encourage managers will encourage attain emotional intelligence competencies required for employee mo tivation. It is well known that, the most complex part of leading a team is motivation of work group members. In practical and theory, motivation plays a vital role in a organizations management. Motivation is an essential part of effective performance.Throughout my experience in working at Juthoor, I believe the factors Affecting Leadership Effectiveness in an organization are the followingThe leaders personal characteristics including personality, skills, and outlook.The leaders experience with dealing with teams and work groupsThe features of the team, their attitude and expectations.The relationship between the leader and the work groupThe type of companyThe organization culture structureThe type of tasks that need to be accomplishedThe external business environmentMy Leadership Development syllabusThis part of the report is central around my leadership style and my leadership development needs. This section addresses a number of questions the likes of, Do I have the right com bination of skills to lead an organization?, What skills need to be developed to lead effectively? How can I develop and establish myself? How can I influence others?Throughout my career, I have spent a lot of time observing myself and the nature of leadership in the organizations I worked for. At the beginning of my journey, the main challenge for me was trying to understand the remnant between managers and leaders. Once that was figured out, I shifted my entire focus to understanding, observing, and learning from the leaders I worked for. One of my professional goals is to become a leader one day, and to be able to influence and motivate a team to achieve and succeed. Therefore, I spent an incredible amount of time studying and observing the leaders in my life.I have studied the leadership theories including characteristics, styles, and modern leadership theories of transformational leadership, etc. and based on the findings of the literature review conducted in the second sectio n of this report, I assessed my leadership skills and checked my ability to execute and implement effective leadership in my job and bring in to the leadership functions of the organization. Out of all the different types of leadership styles, can say that I take the approach of situational leadership style. I dont view a leadership position as an authority position, I view it as the ability to touch other peoples lives and help them grow. I actually feel that I best relate to situational leadership style because I am extremely flexible when situations arise and occur. Situational leadership is the approach of changing your style to best suit the circumstances. However, earlier I used to not be an expert at this because I always resisted change and felt like I lost focus when things didnt happen the way I expected them to. But as I changed jobs and got more experience, I understood that change is required and I must learn how to handle and adapt to situations instead of getting ang ry over things not working out the way I wanted them to.There are a number of ways I have practiced my leadership in my job, for example, when I am heading a group I make sure to emphasize the importance of working together. Although I am the leader of the group, I do not show it to other. I work just as hard as they work and try to give as much constructive feedback as I can. My approach is all centered on listening to the team members, understanding their point of view, asking them what their recommendations are and I try to encourage participation. I would say that I am always very fun to be around. When a task needs to be accomplished, I dont give out orders, I give each member the cream about what part they want to handle. Once we complete a task or reach a specific goal, I usually show my appreciation for their work through celebrating together, either inviting them for lunch or dinner.I have assessed my skills and used a number of tools and techniques to evaluate my

Explain, in detail, the process of hearing in humans.

Explain, in detail, the subprogram of hearing in humans.Explain, in detail, the make for of hearing in humans. What factors stick out be active our hearing in terms of perception of loudness, pitch and concern? What section does psychoacoustics play in our perception of operose.Introduction The ear potentiometer be divided into tierce sections each performing a item role to change sound particles into messages the brain endure read. The three study parts of the ear argon the outer, middle and inner ear. Simplistic completelyy it is somewhat bid a mechanical process that changes an analogue signal into a digital message that your brain can understand. However, there ar certain factors that can affect our hearing in terms of perception of loudness, pitch and straighta managemention. Psychoacoustics unavoidably to be considered when looking at the process of hearing as it examines the kinship in the midst of sound and the effect it has upon the brain. Physical Descript ion of the EarThe process of hearing utilises all three sections of the ear. The first section, the outer ear consists of the pinna, the auditive canal and the rebel. The pinna is the main part of the ear that you can see, its role, to salt away sound and direct it spile the auditory canal towards the ear baffle. The foreign of your ear is perfectly designed to collect sound. This design helps to stipulate the sounds direction. Sounds waves bouncing off the auricle depending on from which direction they came from. The sound reflection from the Pinna alters the pattern of the sound wave which the brain is able to distinguish and delimit where the sound came from. The auditory canal is the main pathway of sound, its role is to direct sound towards the ear deck out, the canal is also where earwax is produced. The purpose of ear wax is to keep the ear canal clean by collecting motherfucker and debris. Once the sound wave has passed through the outer ear and has been say dow n the auditory canal to the middle ear it hits the Tympanic tissue layer (Ear Drum), this is a very tight thin piece of tissue which transfigures the sound wave into vibrations. The ear drum separates the outer ear with the ossicles, these be the three main gussy ups in your ear. When the ear drum vibrates this causes the bones to move, the vibrations quite a little the bones into motion passing the signal from one bone to the other. These trivial bones are called the Malleus (Hammer) directly connected to the ear drum, the incus (Anvil) which is attached to the Malleus and finally the Stapes (Stirrup) which is attached to the Incus and is the smallest bone in the human body. The stapes is attached to the oval window, a tissue layer which is part of the cochlea and separates the middle ear from the inner ear. The inner ear is the roughly complex and detailed part, containing the main sensory electronic organ called the cochlea. Its role is to convert the vibrations absorbe d through the ossicles and passed through the oval window membrane into electrical impulses. The cochleas shape is a small spiralled tube resembling a snail shell, this is modify with fluid and miniscule h atms. The vibrations from the stirrup cause the oval window membrane to flex which in turn sets the fluid into motion, the moving fluid brushes crossways thousands of microscopic hair cells called cilia, These are tuned in to certain frequencies, amplyer frequencies by cillia located near to the oval window membrane and lower frequencies by cillia located at the apex of the cochlea. This allows it to act as a oftenness spectrum analyser. The cillia convert the vibrations into electric nerve impulses sent to the brain by the auditory nerve which is then interpreted as sound.Psychoacoustic PhenomenonPsychoacoustics also needs to be considered when looking at the process of hearing as it examines the relationship between sound and the effect it has upon the brain. The Doppler E ffect is an example of this. It is the change in absolute frequency of awave for an observer moving relative to the source of the wave. For example, a car emitting a constant honker sound starts to approach you at speed as you are stood at the side of the road. As the car approaches you, the sound of the thrust starts to get louder and higher in pitch. Once the car has passed you the sound of the horn starts to lower in pitch and decrease in volume. As the vehicle passes, sound waves from the horn are crowded together in social movement of the car, the crowded sound waves produce the relatively high pitch sound, as the car passes the sound waves are more spread out resulting in the relatively low pitch sound, as you can see on the diagram belowThe second phenomenon that can affect our perception is the Haas effect. If deuce sounds of equal frequency content and intensity are played from distinguishable directions, we will only hear the first one to arrive, and we will compass only one sound coming from that direction. An example of this used in public address systems so that multiple speakers do not affect the perceived direction of the sound coming from the stage.Second part (also 750 words) fully grown at least 2 significantly different examples, dispute wherefore certain instruments sound the way they do, How do factors such as their natural construction and the method of contend affect their individual characteristcs and step? How does the agreeable series come into play, and how does this determine concepts such as exceed and geniusAcoustic GuitarConstruction and playing styleA guitars construction is break off in to three parts, the body, the neck and the head. The sound generating part can be found on the body and is called the soundboard. The soundboard has a large more or less hole in the centre called the sound hole. Also attached to the soundboard is a piece called the link up, to which one end of the six set up are attached. T he bridge has a thin, hard piece embedded into it called the saddle, which is the part that the casts rest against. When the strings are plucked, the vibrations travel through the saddle onto the bridge and then into the soundboard. The soundboard then vibrates. As the body of the guitar is hollow, these vibrations are amplified and proceed from the sound hole.Harmonic SeriesWhen a note is struck on a guitar the sound produced is a series of notes. The first harmonized, the fundamental is the loudest and final of the series. Along with that you are also hearing tones that accompany the fundamental and are responsible of making the guitar sound the way it does. Guitar harmonics are created when you lightly arrive at the string at specific positions and then pluck the string, when plucked the string vibrates at its fundamental frequency, also vibrating the integer multiples of the frequency as displayed on the diagram belowThe performance of the guitar depends on the quality of t he wooden soundboard. The look of the can have a huge impact on the woof of wood, the way the wood is supported, the glue and even the varnish are all taken into consideration as this can have an effect on the sound of the guitar due to the quality of the sound producedDRUMA drum consists of a skin, a shell or body and a apparatus that holds the two pieces together. The skin of the drum is a flexible membrane, stretched tightly nigh the rim. Drum skins were originally made from animal skins but nowadays most use synthetic skins. The skin is held onto the rim in a novelty of ways. Some use tacks or glue while others use ropes or adjustable metal brackets to attach the skin to the body.When a drum is struck, it makes a loud sharp sound followed by a rapidly diminish tone. The sharp sound is called the fight, and it is made by a stick or hand banging onto the surface. The strike also pushes the drum head downwards. Because the drum head is elastic, it springs back up again with a lot of energy, create it to go up higher than the position it started in. This causes it to spring back down again. The drum skin goes up and down very quickly, pushing air in front of it and creating the tone, sometimes known as the decay. Some drums, such as the snare, have a sharp attack with almost no tone. Others, like frame drums, have a more mild attack with a tone that goes on and on.The hair cells in the organ of Corti are tuned to certain sound frequencies, being responsive to high frequencies near the oval window and to low frequencies near the apex of the cochleaThe hair cells in the organ of Corti are tuned to certain sound frequencies, being responsive to high frequencies near the oval window and to low frequencies near the apex of the cochleaThe hair cells in the organ of Corti are tuned to certain sound frequencies, being responsive to high frequencies near the oval window and to low frequencies near the apex of the cochleaSecond part (also 750 words) plentiful a t least 2 significantly different examples, discuss why certain instruments sound the way they do, How do factors such as their physiologic construction and the method of playing affect their individual characteristcs and timbre? How does the harmonic series come into play, and how does this determine concepts such as scale and temperament Second part (also 750 words) Giving at least 2 significantly different examples, discuss why certain instruments sound the way they do, How do factors such as their physical construction and the method of playing affect their individual characteristcs and timbre? How does the harmonic series come into play, and how does this determine concepts such as scale and temperament Second part (also 750 words) Giving at least 2 significantly different examples, discuss why certain instruments sound the way they do, How do factors such as their physical construction and the method of playing affect their individual characteristcs and timbre? How does the h armonic series come into play, and how does this determine concepts such as scale and temperament Bottom of Form